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NUCMED > Topic 3 (midterm) > Flashcards

Topic 3 (midterm) Flashcards

1
Q

2 general components of radiopharmaceutical

A

Radionuclide
Pharmaceutical

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2
Q

Are medicinal products designed for the use in the investigation or treatment of human diseases. Contain “radionuclide” as an integral part of the main ingredient. Are administered to a human subjects usually by intravenous injection.

A

Radiopharmaceuticals

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3
Q

The atoms involved and the only nuclei that undergo radioactive decay. Emits gamma ray as it decays. This is tagged to a radiopharmaceutical

A

Radionuclide

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4
Q

Any chemical substances intended for use in medical diagnosis, cure treatment or prevention of disease. Carries the radionuclide to the organ being examined. This is chosen in the basis of its preferential localization or participation in the physiological function of a given organ. Produces gamma-ray emission from within the organ is being studied.

A

Pharmaceuticals/tracer

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5
Q

The radionuclide decay should result in __ (100-300 keV is ideal for gamma cameras) and sufficient
abundance of emission of external detection.

A

gamma emissions of suitable energy

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6
Q

It should not contain particulate radiation (__), which increases patient’s radiation dose without adding diagnostic information.

A

beta emissions

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7
Q

are suitable for therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.

A

Beta emissions

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8
Q

The __ should only be longer enough for the intended application, usually a few hours.

A

effective half-life

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9
Q

The specific activity should be __. (Tc-99m).

A

high

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10
Q

The pharmaceutical component should be free of any _ or _

A

toxicity or secondary effects.

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11
Q

Should be __ or easily compounded and should have a reasonable cost

A

readily available

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12
Q

The agent should __ localize according to the intended application.

A

rapidly and specifically

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13
Q

the radiopharmaceutical must achieve a satisfactory distribution in the body or trace a particular metabolic absorptive, excretory or other pathway.

A

Biological behaviour

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14
Q

A “__” or “__” produced with an area increased radioactivity.

A

Hot lesion or hot spot

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15
Q

__ is detected with decreased radioactivity

A

Cold lesion

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16
Q

Used to denote the organ or the volume which is desired to concentrate the radiopharmaceutical

A

Target

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17
Q

Areas of increased flow & metabolism e.g metastases and inflammatory lesion

A

Hot spot images

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18
Q

Areas of diminished flow or metabolism e.g cardia perfusion infarct

A

Cold spot images

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19
Q

The radionuclide must have suitable properties as regard radiation emitted energy and abundance of gamma rays and half-life

A

Radionuclide characteristics

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20
Q

This will depend on the mode of the production of the radionuclide, the nature of radiopharmaceutical and the cost

A

Availability

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21
Q

Most agents are injected intravenously and must therefore be of high __ quality

A

Pharmaceutical

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22
Q

Modes of administration of radiopharmaceutical

A

Injection-
Swallowing/ingesting
Inhalation
Instilling

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23
Q

Are products of microbacterial metabolism which produce fever when injected to human subjects. They are heat-stable and are not destroyed by normal methods of sterilisation.

A

Pyrogen

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24
Q

Involves cellular metabolic process that results in organ or tissue concentration above plasma levels.

A

Active Transport

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25
Q

Involves movement of substance from regions of higher concentration to a lower concentration.

A

Simple Diffusion

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26
Q

Particles larger than RBC’s are lodged at the first capillary bed it encounters.

A

Capillary blockade

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27
Q

Involves the recognition and removal of small foreign particles in the blood.

A

Phagocytosis

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28
Q

Process by the which the spleen recognition and removes the damaged RBC’s and cells nearing the end of heir life expectancy.

A

Cell Sequestration

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29
Q

Antibody complexion, It is a tumor localization

A

Antigen

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30
Q

most famous naturally occurring nuclide, was first used in treatment in 1903 (half-life of 1620 years)

A

Ra-226

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31
Q

other significant naturally occurring radionuclides
-0.012% of natural potassium is K-40, as the human body contains about 190g of potassium, this represents an activity of approximately 0.2uCi

A

K- 40 and C-14

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32
Q

is produced in the upper atmosphere due to the effect of cosmic radiation and becomes incorporated into plants and animals man.

A

C-14

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33
Q

Produce radioactive substances

A

Nuclear reactor

34
Q

This is the most important method of producing artificial radionuclides

A

Neutron bombardment

35
Q

Radionuclide are normally obtained by neutron bombardment of a uranium target (U-235) in reactor splitting the uranium atom into two radionuclides. Process which uranium is bombardment with neutron.

A

Fission products

36
Q

Important in pet facility, expensive to run usually only a single target can be irradiated at one time, products decay either by positron emission or electron capture

A

Cyclotron

37
Q

Consist of a longer-lived parent and a shorter wavelength daughter. The daughter product will still have a useful half-life for clinical applications.

A

Radionuclide generator

38
Q

Molybdenum/Tc-99m Generator System

A

most important generator system

39
Q

Which is a radioactive parent decays a radioactive daughter

A

Radioisotope “cow”

40
Q

Mechanism organ radiopharmaceutical

A

Metabolic activity, thyroid I-131, sodium iodide

Phagocytosis, liver, tc99m, sulfur colloid

Diffusion brain, tc99m sodium pertechnetate

Capillary blockage lung tc-99m serum albumin

Cell Sequestration Spleen Tc-99m, damaged red
cells

Compartmental Localization Vascular space Labelled protein

Kidney, I-131 hippuran

Bone Tc-99m Diphosphonate/
Pyrophosphonate

41
Q

Mo-99 (half life of 66 hours) produced by a nuclear reactor generator and fission products comes a radioactive daughter – Tc-99m(half life 6 hrs)

A

Radioactive parent

42
Q

Accomplished by placing a special sterile vacuum vial on the exit or collection port

Volume: 5-20 mL

A

Elution

43
Q

The parent of Tc-99m
• Half-life: 66 hours
• Mode of Decay: Beta minus
• Principal Photon energies: 740 and 780 KeV
• the most common radionuclide contaminant in the generator eluate.

A

Molybdenum-99

44
Q

• The most commonly used radionuclide in nuclear medicine.
• Most important radionuclide for visualization.
• The only desired radionuclide in Mo-Tc generator eluate.
• Advantage: provides adequate time for the imaging yet allows the
target organ to decay background radiation levels within 2 days.
• Modes of Decay: Isomeric Transition
• Principal Photon energy: 140 KeV
• Produced in a generator system.
• Can be bound to biologically active compounds or drugs to create
radiopharmaceutical. (e.g. Tc-99 MAA)

A

Technetium-99m

45
Q

Two types of generator system with respect in elution

A

Wet and dry systems

46
Q

Most commonly used in regional radiopharmacies come with reservoir of normal saline (0.9%)

A

Wet systems

47
Q

Common in imaging clinics
• A volume calibrated saline charge is placed on the entry port.
• A vacuum vial is placed on a collection port.
• A vacuum draws the saline eluent out of the original vial across the column and into the elution vial.

A

Dry systems

48
Q

Symbol: Cr-51
T ½: 27.8 days

A

Chromium

49
Q

Chromium chemical form

A. __ for red blood cells
B. __ for gastrointestinal protein loss

A

A. Sodium chromate
B. Albumin

50
Q

Symbol: Co-57
T ½: 270 days

A

Cobalt

51
Q

Cobalt Chemical Form:

__ : for Vit. B12 absorption

A

a. Cynocobalamin (Vit. B12)

52
Q

Symbol: Co-58
T ½: 72 days
Chemical Form:
__ for Vit. B12 absorption

A

a. Cynocobalamin (Vit. B12)

53
Q

Symbol: Ga-67
T ½: 77 hours

A

Gallium

54
Q

Gallium Chemical Form:
• __ for inflammatory process and tumor imaging

A

Gallium Citrate

55
Q

Symbol: In-111
T ½: 67.4 hours

A

Indium

56
Q

Indium Chemical form:
__ for CSF imaging
• __ for prostate CA
• __ for colorectal or ovarian CA

A

Diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA)
ProstaScint
OctreoScan

57
Q

I. I-123
T ½: 13.3 hours

A

Iodine

58
Q

Iodine-123 Chemical Form:
● __ for thyroid function imaging

A

Sodium Iodide (I-123):

59
Q

T ½: 60 days

A

Iodine-125

60
Q

I-125 Chemical form:
● __ – for thyroid hormone assay
● __ – for thyroid hormone assay
● __ – for plasma volume

A

Triiodothyronine
Thyroxine
Human serum albumin

61
Q

Symbol- I-131
T ½: 8 hours

A

Iodine-131

62
Q

I-131 Chemical Formula:
● __ – for thyroid function, imaging and therapy
● __ – for renal function

A

Sodium Iodide
Hippurate

63
Q

Symbol: Tc-99m
T ½: 6 hours

A

Technetium

64
Q

Tc-99m Chemical Form:
● __ for imaging of brain, thyroid, scrotum, salivary glands, renal perfusion and pericardial effusion; for evaluation of left to right cardiac shunts; for Meckel’s diverticulum detection.

● __: for imaging of liver, spleen and renal transplants; for lymphoscintigraphy and bone marrow scintigraphy.

A

Sodium Pertechnetate:
Sulfur Colloid

65
Q

• for pulmonary perfusion and liver intraarterial scintigraphy

A

Macroaggregated Albumin (MAA)

66
Q

for cardiovascular imaging and myocardial perfusion.

A

Sestamibi

67
Q

for brain and renal scintigraphy; for lung ventilation (aerosol)

A

Diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA)

68
Q

for renal cortical scintigraphy

A

Dimercaptusuccinic acid (DMSA)

69
Q

for renal dynamic scintigraphy.

A

Mercaptoacetyl triglycine (MAG3) or Mertiatide

70
Q

for skeletal scintigraphy

A

Diphosphonate

71
Q

for bone and myocardial imaging

A

Pyrophosphonate

72
Q

for brain function scintigraphy; for cerebral perfusion scintigraphy; for white blood cell labeling

A

Hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (HMPAO)

73
Q

for hepatobiliary scintigraphy

A

Iminodiacetic acid (IDA)

74
Q

for cerebral perfusion scintigraphy

A

Neurolite (Bisicate)

75
Q

for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy

A

Myoview (Tetrofosmin)

76
Q

for radionuclide ventriculography, gastrointestinal bleeding and hepatic hemangioma

A

Red blood cells

77
Q

Symbol: Tl -201
T ½: 75.5 hours

A

Thallium

78
Q

Thallium Chemical Form:
● __ – for myocardial imaging

A

Thallous Chloride

79
Q

Symbol: Xe-131
T ½: 5.3 days

A

Xenon

80
Q

Xenon Chemical Form:
● __ – for lung ventilation imaging

A

Xenon-gas

NUCMED (5 decks)

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