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NUCMED > Prelim Topic 1 > Flashcards

Prelim Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a branch of medicine that deals with the use of radioactive substance in diagnosis or treatment of diseases.

A

Nuclear medicine (nucmed)

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2
Q

The history of nuclear medicine is rich with contributions from gifted scientists across different disciplines in

A

Physics, chemistry, engineering and medicine

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3
Q

often called the “father of nuclear medicine,” developed the tracer principle. He coined the term radioindicator and extended his studies from inorganic to organic chemistry.

A

1923, georg de hevesy

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4
Q

discovery of artificial radioactivity in?

A

1934

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5
Q

production of radionuclides by __ for medicine related use in.

A

1946, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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6
Q

Cyclotron was invented by?

A

Ernest Lawrence in 1931.

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7
Q

Many historians consider the discovery of artificially produced radioisotopes by __ and __in __ as the most significant milestone in Nuclear Medicine.

A

Frederic Joliot and Irene Curie - Joliot,1934

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8
Q

Nuclear Reactors were developed by __ and his colleagues in .

A

Enrico Fermi, 1946

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9
Q

Physics of nucmed

A

Atomic structure, radioactivity, decay processes

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10
Q

Came from the Greek word, “atomos” which means indivisible Smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element. The basic component and the smallest unit of matter.

A

Atom

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11
Q

Basically, it is __ because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons

A

neutrally charged

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12
Q

The atom is made of two basic parts;

A

the nucleus (nuclear portion) and the orbital electrons (extra nuclear portion).

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13
Q

Parts of an atom

A

Nucleus, orbits/shells

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14
Q

Central core of an atom, Contains nearly all the mass of an atom, Positively charged, Contains the nucleons (protons+neutrons)

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Composed of electrons, which is negatively charged.

A

Orbits/shells

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16
Q

3 subatomic particles

A

Proton, neutron, electron

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17
Q

Found within the nucleus of an atom and are symbolized by letter p or p+. They provide positive charge to the nucleus. Total number of protons equals atomic number (Z) of an element.

A

Protons

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18
Q

Protons Has a mass of.

A

1.673 x 10 -27 kg or 1.00783 amu

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19
Q

Protons was Discovered by__ in__.

A

E. Goldstein, 1886

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20
Q

Neutral particles within the nucleus of the atom. Slightly heavier than protons. No electric charge. Symbolized by the letter n.

A

Neutrons

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21
Q

Mass of neutron

A

75 x 10 -27 kg or 1.0090 amu.

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22
Q

Neutron was Discovered by __ in __.

A

J. Chadwick, 1932

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23
Q

Smallest of the subatomic particles and are found in the extra nuclear portion of the atom.
Are called negatrons and are given the symbol е or e-.

A

Electrons

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24
Q

Electrons Has a small mass of

A

9.1 x 10 -31kg or 0.00055 amu.

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25
Q

Electrons was Discovered by__ in__.

A

J. J. Thompson, 1897

26
Q

The nucleus is composed of two types of these particles- protons and neutrons; hence protons and neutrons are called

A

Nucleons

27
Q

Radioactivity Discovered in __ by the French Scientist

A

1986, Antoine Henri Becquerel

28
Q

Is the emission of particle or energy to attain stability. It decays by spitting out : Mass (alpha particle), Charge (Beta particle), Energy (Gamma Rays).

A

Radioactivity

29
Q

Si unit of radioactivity

A

Becquerel (Bq)

30
Q

1 Bq =?

A

1dis/s (disintegration per second or dps)

31
Q

Old unit of radioactivity is?

A

Curie (Ci)

32
Q

__ who coined the term radioactivity and also discovered Polonium and Radium, with the help of her husband, __

A

Marie curie, pierre curie

33
Q

unstable of emitting radiation spontaneously to reach a more stable state; termed also as radioactive materials

A

Radioactive atoms

34
Q

There are three reasons/conditions why substance might be radioactive Its nucleus may be unstable because it has either:

A

Too many protons, too many neutrons, too many neutrons and protons

35
Q

A fraction or percentage of original number of atoms decaying per unit time

A

Decay Disintegration / Transformation Constant

36
Q

The amount of time taken by the radioactive material (RAM) or radioactive atom to decay to ½ of its original value
Every RAM has its own unique half life value

A

Half life

37
Q

Common RAM half-lives
Element - half-life

Tc-99m =
I-131 =
I-123 =
Ra-223 =
Ra-226 =
Co-60 =
Cs-137 =
Ir-192 =
Sr-90 =
Mo-99 =

A

6 hrs
8 days
13 hrs
11 days
1620 yrs
5.26 yrs
30 yrs
74 days
28 yrs
66 hrs

38
Q

describes the rate of radioactive decay and the quantity of the material present at any given time.

A

Radioactive decay law

39
Q

is the time required so that activity of radionuclide is reduced to 50%.

A

Physical Half-life

40
Q

is the time required for the body to eliminate half of an administered dosage of any substance by regular process of deliberation.

A

Biological Half-life

41
Q

is the time required for a radioactive elimination in the body to be diminished by 50% as a result of the combined action of the Radioactive Decay and Biological Elimination.

A

Effective Half-life

42
Q

Most gamma rays are emitted almost immediately (__) after the primary
decay process, whether it be __,__, , or __

A

<10-12 second, alpha decay, negatron decay, positron decay, electron capture

43
Q

When the intermediate excited state last longer than __ , the term “__ ” is used.

A

10-9 second, metastable

44
Q

Atomic notation

A-
Z-
X-

A

Atomic mass (numbers of nucleons)
Atomic number (number of protons and electrons)
Element symbol

45
Q

the process wherein the unstable atom (parent) spontaneously emits radiation to reach a more stable state (daughter)

A

Radioactive decay

46
Q

Any atomic species characterized by the atomic mass number (A), protons (Z), and number of neutron (N).

A

Nuclides

47
Q

the original nuclide that undergoes radioactive decay.

A

Parent Nuclide

48
Q

the more stable nuclide which results from radioactive decay.

A

Daughter Nuclide

49
Q

Occurs in heavy nuclides with high atomic number
It resembles the Helium (He) element

A

Alpha emission decay (a-decay)

50
Q

The relative charge of alpha is _ and a mass of _

A

2, 4

51
Q

has low penetrating power and most harmful internally and less harmful externally.

A

Alpha radiation

52
Q

it can be stopped by a piece of __ or __.

A

Paper, cloth

53
Q

The relative charge of -1 and a mass of 0.
The β-decay has a moderate energy and it can be stopped by approximately 0.5mm aluminum or lead.

A

Beta decay/emission

54
Q

Beta decay/emission Has two sub-modes:

A

a. Negatron emission
b. Positron emission.

55
Q

This occurs when there are too many neutrons. It occurs when a radioactive nuclide with high Neutron and Proton ratio disintegration This particle emitted is a negatively charge high speed electron which originated in the nucleus. This electrons results from the conversion of the excess neutron into proton.

A

Negatron emission

56
Q

It occurs when the radioactive nuclide with an excess of Proton disintegrates
• The particle emitted is positively charged electron which comes from the nucleus
• This results from the transformation of the excess proton to a neutron

A

Positron emission or beta positive emission

57
Q

Excited state element
• Radionuclide that yields another nuclide during disintegration
• Long-lived radionuclide

A

Parent nuclide

58
Q

Ground state element
• Element that results from the radioactive decay of a parent element.
• Short-lived radionuclide

A

Daughter nuclide

59
Q

Have high penetrating power and it can be stopped by several centimeters of lead.

A

Gamma rays and xrays

60
Q

Gamma ray originates from the __
• X-ray originates from the __

A

nucleus, electrons

61
Q

Beta particles originate from the __
• Electrons originate from the __

A

nucleus, e- clouds.

NUCMED (5 decks)

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