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NUCMED > Prelim Topic 2 > Flashcards

Prelim Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic process of nucmed

A

Injection of radiopharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical carries the radionuclide to the
organ being examined.
The target organ is localized.
Radionuclide in the target organ emits gamma
rays.
Gamma camera detects the gamma rays to
create a digital image.

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2
Q

Imaging procedures - referred to as

A

scanning scintigraphy

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3
Q

is the nuclear medicine laboratory technique for measuring trace amount of substances in the blood. (substances being measured with RIA are the least 1000 times less)

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

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4
Q

In “ __ “ - in the living subject

A

Vivo

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5
Q

for brain, liver, lung, bone, kidney, heart, thyroid, and other organs for detection of a tumor. Whole body imaging for the detection of metastases.

A

Imaging studies

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6
Q

are thyroid uptake to determine thyroid function, renography for the investigation renal function, and blood volume measurement.

A

Non-imaging studies

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7
Q

Therapeutic Procedure -treatment of

A

Hyperthyroidism with I-131

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8
Q

In “ __ “ - in a glass

A

Vitro

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9
Q

measurement of hormones, enzymes, and other substances.

A

Radioimmunoassay

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10
Q

uses a __ of radioactive material (unsealed source)

A

small amount

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11
Q

Unsealed means?

A

Open

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12
Q

Uniqueness of Nuclear Medicine is that it
evaluates the __ of the organ

A

function

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13
Q

Two classes of nucmed imaging

A

Single photon imaging, positron imaging

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14
Q

includes Single Photon emission Computed tomography (SPECT), Uses radionuclides that decay by gamma emission

A

Single photon imaging

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15
Q

Includes Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Uses radionuclide that decay by positron emission

A

Positron Imaging

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16
Q

Two main categories of detectors

A

Gas filled detectors, scintillation detectors

17
Q

Those that depend on ionization in which ionization is translated into electric current or impulses.

A

Gas filled detectors

18
Q

those that depend on excitation.

A

Scintillation detectors

19
Q

Radiation is sensed by

A

Detecting ionization of gas

20
Q

The use of an ionization chamber. The generic design concept is a gas-filled chamber with __ and __ electrodes,

A

positive, negative

21
Q

placed either at opposite sides of the chamber. A __ is created between two electrodes, but __ in the absence of exposure of the chamber to radiation.

A

potential difference, no current flows

22
Q

3 types of gas filled detectors

A

Proportional counter, ionization chamber, geiger-muller counter

23
Q

Are very sensitive type of personnel monitoring device Provides an instantaneous reading, but must be recalibrated daily Resembles a fountain pen Inside the dosimeter is an ionization chamber Normally used only in emergency situation immediate reading is necessary

A

Pocket dosimeter, pen dosimeter

24
Q

Used to determine the amount of radioactivity in syringes or vials, Device that is used to measure, Radioactivity before Injecting to the Patient

A

Dose calibrator

25
Q

The main difference between a __ and basic ionization chamber is greater applied voltage between electrodes Proportional chambers do not have wide application in clinical nuclear medicine. They are used in research In detection alpha and beta particles. useful is their ability to distinguish between alpha and beta radiation.

A

Proportional counters

26
Q

an instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity of ionizing radiation Used as a survey meter __ counter is used for contamination control in nuclear medicine laboratories. They are not particularly useful as dosimeters

A

Geiger-muller

27
Q

When ionizing particles pass through certain crystals, flashes of light or scintillation is emitted. The amount of light emitted is proportional to the amount of energy absorbed by the material. This type of detector is the most commonly used detector in nuclear medicine.

A

Scintillation detectors

28
Q

The output signal form accumulated charge in radiation detectors is typically quite low

A

Pre-amplifier

29
Q
  1. To amplify, if necessary, small signals from detectors
  2. To shape signals for remaining signal processing
A

main purposes of the preamplifier (or preamp):

30
Q

The output signal form the preamplifier can still be quite low for traditional electronics in signal processing chain

A

Amplifier

31
Q
  1. To amplify, the still relatively small pulses from the preamplifier
  2. To reshape the long signals from the preamplifier to minimize pulse-pileup at high
    count rates and improve SNR
A

Main purpose of amplifier

32
Q

• Is an electronic device used to determine which portion of the detected spectrum is used to create images.
• The PHA can be set to allow only selected energies to be
counted, and reduce the number of Compton scatter photons in the image.
• The PHA allows the operator either to set the upper and lower energy limits or to set a peak energy level and associated window.

A

Pulse height analyzer

33
Q

Types of collimator

A

Pinhole Collimator
• Parallel hole Collimator
• Converging Multihole Collimator
• Diverging Multihole Collimator

34
Q

HIGHEST RESOLUTION, This type of collimator provides the best spatial resolution and the lowest sensitivity of any collimator used in nuclear medicine, USED IN THROID SCANS

A

Pinhole collimator

35
Q

Spatial Resolution: determined by the collimator

A

a. Diameter of aperture
b. Distance from both of the object
c. NaI crystal aperture

36
Q

No magnification occurs with this type of collimator
Hole Diameter: 1mm
Hole length: 20 mm
MOST COMMON TYPE OF COLLIMATOR

A

Parallel hole collimator

37
Q

Provides both enhanced spatial resolution and improved sensitivity. Used for imaging smaller objects (similar to pinhole) using a camera with a large FOV. Used to achieve magnified image with slightly improved spatial resolution.

A

Converging collimator

38
Q

3 parts of PMT

A

photocathode, dynode, anode (collecting anode)

NUCMED (5 decks)

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