Topic 3- Medicine Men Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the work of Ambroise Pare in the nineteenth century
A
- His main achievement- improving surgery
- ‘Works on Surgery’ - 1575
- By chance- oil ran out that was usually used on gunshot wounds of soldiers-forced to come up with a herbal ointment instead
- mixture of egg yolk, milk, roses and turpentine on wound - more effective in healing wounds and less painful
- Also used ligatures instead of hot iron on stumps- however, although less painful, not successful in developing surgery as it takes infection into the wound
- Overall, important for development of medicine as he challenged traditional ideas and set surgical ideas on firm foundations
2
Q
Describe the work of William Harvey in the nineteenth century
A
- Main achievement- improving our understanding of the heart and circulation of blood
- ‘An anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood’-1628
- Proved Galen wrong as Galen said that blood was made in the liver, and was burned up throughout the day
- However, Harvey proved that the hearts acts like a pump and that blood is reused
- Factors that helped him come to his discoveries may have been the new invention of the water pump and also the fact that he dissected living animals, in order to see the movement of each muscle in the heart
- Although his work could not improve the health of patients at the time because heart surgery was not possible due to the problem of infection,
- he provided vital information for surgeons such as Barnard for the future
3
Q
Describe the work of Louis Pasteur in the nineteenth century
A
- Main achievement was disproving the Miasma theory when he discovered that germs cause things to go bad
- He discovered this when he found that germs were killed in wine after boiling it. This is called Pasteurisation
- ‘The Germ Theory’ in 1861
- Later, he discovered that germs caused disease in silk worms,
- yet he does not make the link to germs being the cause of disease in humans
- However after, Kock makes this link, Pasteur begins to make vaccinations for diseases such as rabies, saving many lives
- Overall, important for development of medicine, because his discovery eventually leads to improved surgery and penicillin as doctors knew what caused disease
4
Q
Describe the work of Robert Koch in the nineteenth century
A
- doctor in late 1800s who specialised in disease
- Discovered- specific bacteria causes specific disease
- Made discovery by taking anthrax bacteria from a dead sheep, and injecting it into 20 generations of mice, all of which developed anthrax
- Important as allowed other’s like Pasteur to develop vaccines, to stop spread of disease
- Also developed a solid medium, allowing him to grow and discover other types of bacteria such as TB. This then led to the discovery of a vaccination to prevent this disease
- Overall- important as he made the link between germs causing disease in humans, allowing vaccinations and eventually improved surgery and penicillin.
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5
Q
Describe the work of Wilhelm Rontgen in the nineteenth century
A
- Main achievement- discovering X rays in 1895 when experimenting with cathode rays
- He found that these mysterious rays could pass through everything except metal and bone
- His discovery had an immediate impact on medicine as X ray machines were installed in hospitals within 6 months. They were used to look for disease and broken bones in the body
- Portable X ray machines, developed by Marie Curie, were used on the battle field in WW1, allowing surgeons to quickly locate bullets and shrapnel in soldiers
- Overall- important as he made a break through in medicine, saving thounsands of lives in WW1
6
Q
Describe the work of Edward Jenner
A
- Main achievement- discovering the vaccine for small pox in 1798
- Jenner discovered that dairymaids who often caught cowpox did not catch small pox
- He proved this by experimenting on a young boy called James Phipps. The boy was given cow pox and then small pox, however he did not develop the small pox disease
- Jenner called this method vaccination and 1852 it was made compulsory
- Overall-important as he significantly reduced the number of deaths from small pox. He set the foundations for other doctors such as Koch and Pasteur for the future
7
Q
Describe the work of Andreas Vesalius in the nineteenth century
A
- Main achievement- improving our understanding of human anatomy
- ‘Fabric of the Human Body’- 1543
- Gave detailed illustrations of the human body
- work challenged the work of Galen as he dissected and discovered that ….
- human jaw is one bone not two
- proved that 2 lobes in liver not 5
- septum in the heart does not have holes in it
- important in development of medicine because by showing that Galen was wrong, other people could lead to further improvements in medicine
8
Q
Describe the work of James Simpson in the nineteenth century
A
- Main achievement- discovering chloroform, an anaesthetic in 1847 when he inhaled the vapours and fell into a deep sleep
- He started using chloroform during childbirth and soon, other surgeons were using it in operations
- However, opposition did exist because chloroform was unnatural and an untested gas
- Jenner did not know what dose to give patients and in 1848, Hannah Greener died from an overdose when she was having an ingrown toenail removed
- Eventually, chloroform was accepted when Queen Victoria used chloroform during the delivery of 8th child- 1857
- Important in development of medicine- although anaethetic did not necessarily make surgery safer due to infection, it increased the survival rate and allowed the development of more complex surgery in the future
9
Q
Describe the work of Joseph Lister in the nineteenth century
A
- Main achievement- discovering antiseptic in 1867
- He started to spray carbolic acid of wounds and soak bandages in it to kill germs, which meant that the wound would heal and not develop infection
- However, did face opposition as the acid cracked surgeons skin and slowed the operation, which was a problem due to blood loss
- his method marks a turning point in medicine as his discovery led to aseptic surgery and the use of rubber gloves in 1894
- The Germ Theory by Pasteur is an important factor that allowed Lister to make his discovery
- Overall important in development in medicine- significantly reduces the death rate of operations
10
Q
Describe the work of Alexander Fleming in the twentieth century
A
- Main achievement- rediscovering the properties of penicillin in 1928
- Found that some penicillin mould had got into a petri dish from an open window, and had killed the surrounding staphylococcus bacteria.
- Fleming observed the results and recognised their significance- that penicillin could be injected into human to kill bacteria
- He published his findings in 1929, however did not have the facilities of support to mass produce penicillin
- Overall, important in development of medicine- allowed other scientists such as Flory and Chain to mass produce penicillin, eventually saving millions of lives . His discovery also led to more complex surgery as it was possible to kill bacteria inside the body
11
Q
Describe the work of Flory and and Chain in the twentieth century
A
Main achievement- mass producing penicillin
- In 1939, they became interested in Flemings 1929 paper about penicillin and they gathered together a skilled research team
- They first tested penicillin on mice, and then in 1941, they tested it on a policeman with an infected wound
- The patient got better quickly but later died as they did not have enough penicillin.
- The start on WW2 meant that there was an urgency to mass produce penicillin and eventually, in 1942, the US government give $80 million to drug companies to mass produce
- Penicillin halved the average time soldiers spent in hospital
- Important in the development of medicine- saved millions of lives and allowed more complex surgery to be possible as infection in the body could be killed
12
Q
Describe the work of Christian Barnard in the twentieth century
A
- Main achievement- first person to perform a successful heart transplant
- Before this, he experimented on dogs to practice heart surgery
- His first successful patient, a grocer, survived for 18 days after his operation in 1967
- After, Barnard persisted with his pioneering work, performing more heart transplants, where each patient lived for even longer after each time
- eg the patient in the second heart operation he did lived for over a year
- important in development of medicine- saved lives and improved our medical knowledge on the heart. Led to other surgeries such as a face transplant become possible
