Topic 3 - Infection and Die

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

Microorganisms that can cause disease

Question 2

What are the name of diseases that can be spread?

Answer 2

Communicable

Question 3

How do pathogens spread?

Answer 3

Air
Constipated food and water
Direct contact

Question 4

How do you stop pathogens spreading?

Answer 4

Hygiene
Kill the vectors
Vaccination
Isolate or quarantine

Question 5

What are the four types of pathogens?

Answer 5

Virus
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi

Question 6

What’s are viruses?

Answer 6

Viruses are dead and cannot reproduce by themselves

Question 7

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 7

They can reproduce inside a cell by creating copies of themselves

Question 8

Why do viruses make us feel ill?

Answer 8

Due to the damage of cells when the colonise the body

Question 9

What is measles and how is it spread?

Answer 9

Causes red rash on body, fever and can be spread by droplets when someone coughs or sneezes

Question 10

What is HIV and how is it spread?

Answer 10

Causes a deficient immune system to an extent where unusual infections can be easily caught, shared by sexual contact or exchanging of bodily fluids

Question 11

What is TMV and how is it spread?

Answer 11

Tobacco mosaic virus is a widespread plant pathogen. It will give a distinct mosaic pattern of discolouration which effects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis

Question 12

What is a bacterial disease?

Answer 12

Diseases that reproduce rapidly in our cells and release toxins that causes damage to our cells

Question 13

What is salmonella and how is it spread?

Answer 13

Causes food poisoning, fever, vomiting. Spread by ingesting unhygienic food or poultry that contracted the bacteria.
Poultry in the uk are vaccinated

Question 14

What is gonorrhoea and how is it spread?

Answer 14

Std that spread from sexual contact. Causes pain urinating and thick yellow discharge

Question 15

What is fungi?

Answer 15

Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular
Multicellular fungi can cause disease and spores

Question 16

What is rose black spot and how is it spread?

Answer 16

A fungal disease that causes black spots on leaves, causing them to drop off and limiting photosynthesis
Can be treated with fungicides
Spreads by wind or rain

Question 17

What are protists?

Answer 17

They’re eukaryotic cells and some can be parasites which live on or inside another organism

Question 18

How can a parasite be spread?

Answer 18

By a vector, an organism that carries the parasite but doesn’t get infected

Question 19

What is malaria and how is it spread?

Answer 19

Causes fever and can be fatal, spread by mosquitoes

Question 20

How can you stop the spread of malaria?

Answer 20

Kill the vectors
Insecticides or repellents

Question 21

How is skin part of the defence system?

Answer 21

It is a physical barrier and it secrete oils which have antiobicrobil substances

Question 22

How is nose part of defence system?

Answer 22

Has lots of little hairs and mucus to stop to trap pathogens

Question 23

How is the trachea or oesophagus part of the defence system?

Answer 23

Trachea is covered mucus which will trap particles and the cilia move the mucus up into throat to swallow
Stomach has hydrochloric acid so it kills pathogens

Question 24

What js the most important part of the immune system?

Answer 24

White blood cells which constantly patrol the body

Question 25

What are the three main functions of white blood cells?

Answer 25

Phagocytosis - white blood cells engulf pathogens Anti toxins - small molecules that can counteract toxins produced by pathogens Anti bodies - small proteins that destroy pathogens - creates immunity

Question 26

How do vaccines work?

Answer 26

Vaccines give weakened or inactivated pathogens to a person to stimulate the white blood cell to produce antibodies and immunity to that pathogen

Question 27

What are some pros of vaccines?

Answer 27

Protection from diseases Control of common disease Preventing outbreaks

Question 28

What is herd immunity?

Answer 28

Unvaccinated people are unlikely to catch disease because the people around them are vaccinated and the pathogens is killed before it spreads

Question 29

What are the cons of vaccines?

Answer 29

Don’t always work Bad reactions to vaccine

Question 30

What’s are painkillers?

Answer 30

Medicines used tote treat or relieve the symptoms of disease but don’t kill he pathogens

Question 31

What are antibiotics?

Answer 31

Used to directly kill bacteria and stop them growing, they cannot kill viral pathogens - viruses

Question 32

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 32

Specific bacteria are killed by specific antibiotics, they can greatly reduce death from bacterial diseases.

Question 33

Why can’t antibiotics kill viruses?

Answer 33

Antibiotics won’t be able to find them as they hide in cells so drugs may damage cells They are very different from bacteria and antibiotics are designed to kill bacteria

Question 34

Where does digitalis come from and what does it do?

Answer 34

It originates from foxgloves and it used to treat the heart

Question 35

Where do drugs traditionally come from?

Answer 35

Plants and microorganisms

Question 36

Where is aspirin form and what does it do?

Answer 36

Originates from willow bark and it is a painkiller

Question 37

Where is penicillin from and what is it used for?

Answer 37

Discovered by Alexander Fleming from penicillium mould - fungus - antibiotic

Question 38

What are the three things that drugs are tested for?

Answer 38

Toxicity, efficacy, dose

Question 39

What is efficacy?

Answer 39

How well a drug works and how quickly it works and produces the desired effect

Question 40

What is toxicity?

Answer 40

How harmful the drug is and what side effects it causes

Question 41

What is stage 1 of drug testing?

Answer 41

On cells, tissues to test substances but it doesn’t tell us the effects on an entire organism

Question 42

What is stage 2 of drug testing?

Answer 42

Still preclinical trials, tests live animals such as mice and rabbits - mammals, gives idea on efficacy and toxicity

Question 43

What is stage 3 of drug testing?

Answer 43

Clinical testing, drug is given to humans Giving drug to healthy volunteers in low dose Increase dose to find maximum dose before side effects

Question 44

What happens after stage 3 of testing?

Answer 44

Drug is given to people with the illness, slowly increasing dose to find max efficacy and min toxicity.

Question 45

What is a blind test?

Answer 45

Uses a placebo - like the real drug but doesn’t do anything. It is blind as they patients don’t know what there are taking

Question 46

What is the purpose of blind testing?

Answer 46

Avoid bias. E.g, more side effects noticed in people that have taken drug

Question 47

Why is drug testing peer - reviewed?

Answer 47

Analysed by other scientists to check for false results