Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AQA Biology > Topic 3 - Infection and Die > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Infection and Die Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that can cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the name of diseases that can be spread?

A

Communicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do pathogens spread?

A

Air
Constipated food and water
Direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you stop pathogens spreading?

A

Hygiene
Kill the vectors
Vaccination
Isolate or quarantine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A

Virus
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s are viruses?

A

Viruses are dead and cannot reproduce by themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They can reproduce inside a cell by creating copies of themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do viruses make us feel ill?

A

Due to the damage of cells when the colonise the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is measles and how is it spread?

A

Causes red rash on body, fever and can be spread by droplets when someone coughs or sneezes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is HIV and how is it spread?

A

Causes a deficient immune system to an extent where unusual infections can be easily caught, shared by sexual contact or exchanging of bodily fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is TMV and how is it spread?

A

Tobacco mosaic virus is a widespread plant pathogen. It will give a distinct mosaic pattern of discolouration which effects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a bacterial disease?

A

Diseases that reproduce rapidly in our cells and release toxins that causes damage to our cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is salmonella and how is it spread?

A

Causes food poisoning, fever, vomiting. Spread by ingesting unhygienic food or poultry that contracted the bacteria.
Poultry in the uk are vaccinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is gonorrhoea and how is it spread?

A

Std that spread from sexual contact. Causes pain urinating and thick yellow discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is fungi?

A

Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular
Multicellular fungi can cause disease and spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is rose black spot and how is it spread?

A

A fungal disease that causes black spots on leaves, causing them to drop off and limiting photosynthesis
Can be treated with fungicides
Spreads by wind or rain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are protists?

A

They’re eukaryotic cells and some can be parasites which live on or inside another organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can a parasite be spread?

A

By a vector, an organism that carries the parasite but doesn’t get infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is malaria and how is it spread?

A

Causes fever and can be fatal, spread by mosquitoes

20
Q

How can you stop the spread of malaria?

A

Kill the vectors
Insecticides or repellents

21
Q

How is skin part of the defence system?

A

It is a physical barrier and it secrete oils which have antiobicrobil substances

22
Q

How is nose part of defence system?

A

Has lots of little hairs and mucus to stop to trap pathogens

23
Q

How is the trachea or oesophagus part of the defence system?

A

Trachea is covered mucus which will trap particles and the cilia move the mucus up into throat to swallow
Stomach has hydrochloric acid so it kills pathogens

24
Q

What js the most important part of the immune system?

A

White blood cells which constantly patrol the body

25
Q

What are the three main functions of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytosis - white blood cells engulf pathogens
Anti toxins - small molecules that can counteract toxins produced by pathogens
Anti bodies - small proteins that destroy pathogens - creates immunity

26
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccines give weakened or inactivated pathogens to a person to stimulate the white blood cell to produce antibodies and immunity to that pathogen

27
Q

What are some pros of vaccines?

A

Protection from diseases
Control of common disease
Preventing outbreaks

28
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Unvaccinated people are unlikely to catch disease because the people around them are vaccinated and the pathogens is killed before it spreads

29
Q

What are the cons of vaccines?

A

Don’t always work
Bad reactions to vaccine

30
Q

What’s are painkillers?

A

Medicines used tote treat or relieve the symptoms of disease but don’t kill he pathogens

31
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Used to directly kill bacteria and stop them growing, they cannot kill viral pathogens - viruses

32
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Specific bacteria are killed by specific antibiotics, they can greatly reduce death from bacterial diseases.

33
Q

Why can’t antibiotics kill viruses?

A

Antibiotics won’t be able to find them as they hide in cells so drugs may damage cells
They are very different from bacteria and antibiotics are designed to kill bacteria

34
Q

Where does digitalis come from and what does it do?

A

It originates from foxgloves and it used to treat the heart

35
Q

Where do drugs traditionally come from?

A

Plants and microorganisms

36
Q

Where is aspirin form and what does it do?

A

Originates from willow bark and it is a painkiller

37
Q

Where is penicillin from and what is it used for?

A

Discovered by Alexander Fleming from penicillium mould - fungus - antibiotic

38
Q

What are the three things that drugs are tested for?

A

Toxicity, efficacy, dose

39
Q

What is efficacy?

A

How well a drug works and how quickly it works and produces the desired effect

40
Q

What is toxicity?

A

How harmful the drug is and what side effects it causes

41
Q

What is stage 1 of drug testing?

A

On cells, tissues to test substances but it doesn’t tell us the effects on an entire organism

42
Q

What is stage 2 of drug testing?

A

Still preclinical trials, tests live animals such as mice and rabbits - mammals, gives idea on efficacy and toxicity

43
Q

What is stage 3 of drug testing?

A

Clinical testing, drug is given to humans
Giving drug to healthy volunteers in low dose
Increase dose to find maximum dose before side effects

44
Q

What happens after stage 3 of testing?

A

Drug is given to people with the illness, slowly increasing dose to find max efficacy and min toxicity.

45
Q

What is a blind test?

A

Uses a placebo - like the real drug but doesn’t do anything.
It is blind as they patients don’t know what there are taking

46
Q

What is the purpose of blind testing?

A

Avoid bias. E.g, more side effects noticed in people that have taken drug

47
Q

Why is drug testing peer - reviewed?

A

Analysed by other scientists to check for false results

AQA Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions