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AQA Biology > Homeostasis And The Nervous System > Flashcards

Homeostasis And The Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable environment in response to both internal and external conditions

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2
Q

What three conditions does homeostasis control?

A

Blood glucose concentration
Body temperature
Water levels

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3
Q

How does automatic control work in homeostasis?

A

Receptors detect a change, coordination centres interpret the change and effectors carry out the change

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4
Q

How are signals sent in the body?

A

By the nervous system or the endocrine system.

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5
Q

What are the main three differences between the two response systems?

A

The nervous system is more precise whereas the endocrine system is more genera.
The nervous system responds quickly whereas the endocrine system is slower and long lasting
The nervous system sends electrical impulses but the endocrine systems sends hormones

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6
Q

How does automatic control work?

A

Negative feedback

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7
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When internal condition is too high it is decreased to normal, if decreased too much negative feedback will increase it. It will fluctuate internal conditions by small amounts.

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8
Q

What is a reflex action or reflex arc?

A

A automatic and rapid response in the unconscious part of the brain

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9
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The nervous system is a way of allowing humans to react to their surroundings

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10
Q

What is the CNS made of?

A

Neurons .

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11
Q

What is the general structure of a neuron?

A

Long, thin, small, lots of different types

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12
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A synapse is the gap between neurones. It releases chemicals to another neuron which continues to transmit an electrical signal

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13
Q

What is the CNS made from?

A

Brain and spinal chord - where the thinking takes place

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14
Q

What is the structure of a reflex arc?

A

Stimulus picked up at receptor
Transferred down sensory neurons to CNS
CNS interprets the interprets the signal
CNS transfers signal down motor neurons to effectors
Effectors are muscles or glands

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15
Q

What is the name of the neuron in the CNS?

A

Relay neuron

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16
Q

What is the name of the largest part of the brain and what does it do?

A

Cerebral cortex - responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory

17
Q

What is the name of the back part of the brain and what does it do?

A

Cerebellum - responsible for muscle coordination and balance

18
Q

What is the name of the last on the brain stem?

A

Medulla - controls unconscious activities like breathing and heart beat

19
Q

What is the name of the centre part of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus - controls body temp and sends signals to pituitary

20
Q

What are the three ways of studying the brain?

A

Studying people with brain damage
Electrically stimulating brain
Scanning the brain with CT/MRI

21
Q

Why is treating the brain difficult?

A

Could cause trauma, mental health problems and infection
Location in skull and fragile tissue makes it difficult to fix
Complexity and small understanding of brain makes it hard to fix

22
Q

What is the front part of the eye called and what is it for?

A

Cornea - refracts light towards centre

23
Q

What are the small arms inside the eye and what are they for?

A

Iris - allows light to pass through to lense - creates pupil

24
Q

What is the name of the lights focus point in the eye?

A

The retina

25
Q

Explain the iris reflex.

A

Bright light can cause damage to the eye so the iris constricts by contracting circular muscles and relaxing radial muscles in bright light to let less in
the eye dilates by contracting radial muscles and relaxing circular muscles in dark light to let more in.

26
Q

Explain accommodation.

A

Accommodation is a reflex that changes the refractive power of the lens so they light focuses on the retina

27
Q

What two parts control accommodation?

A

Ciliary muscles - connected to eye wall
Suspensory ligaments - connect to lens

28
Q

How does accommodation work with a close object?

A

Object is wide so requires a lot of refraction
This causes the lens to be short and fat by contracting the ciliary muscles toward the lens which slacken the suspensory ligaments

29
Q

How does accommodation work with a far object?

A

The object is far and light travels nearly parallel so it requires a small amount of refraction.
This is done by making the lens long and thin by relaxing the ciliary muscles which cause the ligaments to go taught.

30
Q

Explain how glasses fix long sighted vision.

A

Can’t refract enough
Image focus behind retina
Unable to focus on close objects
Convex lens is necessary to focus light

31
Q

Explain how glasses fix short sighted vision.

A

Light refracts light too much
Distant objects are blurry
Image focused before retina
Concave lenses will fix this

32
Q

What are the medical names for long and short sightedness

A

Long - hyperopia
Short - myopia

33
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The control of internal body temperature

34
Q

What is a thermoregulatory centre?

A

A small centre in the hypothalamus that is the bodies thermostat

35
Q

What two places detect temperature?

A

Thermoregulatory receptors detect temp of blood
Skin also contains temp receptors that signals the brain

36
Q

What happens if body temp is too high?

A

Bloods vessels dilate and sweat is produced to transfer energy from the skin to the environment

37
Q

What happens if body temp is too low?

A

Blood vessels near skin constrict
Erector muscles stick up hairs to trap a layer of insulating air
Shivering contacts muscles which creates more need for energy, heating the body up

AQA Biology (10 decks)

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