Topic 2 - Organistaion

Question 1

What is the epidermal tissue?

Answer 1

This tissue covers the entire plant, it is transparent so light can pass through and it is covered in a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.

Question 2

What is the palisade mesophyll tissue?

Answer 2

This is the tissue where most photosynthesis happens. It has lots of chloroplasts and is near the top of the leaf to get the most light.

Question 3

What is the spongy mesophyll tissue?

Answer 3

The spongy mesophyll has lots of air spaces to allow gas to diffuse in and out easily - increasing rate of diffusion for its large surface area

Question 4

What does a phloem transport and by which process?

Answer 4

The phloem transports food (mainly dissolved sugar) by translocation

Question 5

How is the phloem adapted to transpiration?

Answer 5

They are made of elongated cells that have small pores between them to allows cell sap to flow through

Question 6

What does a xylem transport and through which process?

Answer 6

The xylem transports water and minerals through transpiration.

Question 7

How is the xylem adapted for transpiration?

Answer 7

They xylem is made of dead cells joined end to end. They are strengthened with lignin.

Question 8

What is transpiration?

Answer 8

Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant and is cause by evaporation

Question 9

How is there a constant transpiration stream?

Answer 9

As water is drawn out, the plant has a shortage so more water is drawn out the soil through the xylem vessels.

Question 10

What causes transpiration?

Answer 10

Water evaporates out the stomata as a side effect to photosynthesis because there is more water inside the plant than in the air outside

Question 11

What is a tissue?

Answer 11

A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function

Question 12

What is an organ?

Answer 12

An organ is a group of tissues that perform a specific function

Question 13

What is an organ system?

Answer 13

A group of organs that work together to from a organism

Question 14

What is the digestive system?

Answer 14

A system of organs which work together to digest and absorb food

Question 15

What is an enzyme?

Answer 15

An enzyme is a biological catalyst which increase the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

Question 16

Explain the lock and key method

Answer 16

Every enzyme has an active site which is unique to a substance. If the substrate doesn’t match the active site, the reaction won’t be catalysed

Question 17

What are two limiting factors for enzymes?

Answer 17

Temperature and pH

Question 18

Describe the enzyme of amylase

Answer 18

Amylase breaks down starch into maltose

Question 19

Where is amylase made?

Answer 19

The salivary glands
The pancreas
The small intestine

Question 20

What does protease do?

Answer 20

Converts proteins into amino acids

Question 21

Where is protease made?

Answer 21

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

Question 22

What does lipase do?

Answer 22

Converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 23

What is the liver for?

Answer 23

Where bike is produced to neutralise stomach acid and emulsify fats

Question 24

What is the gall bladder for?

Answer 24

To store bile before realising it into the small intestine

Question 25

What happens in the small intestine ?

Answer 25

Digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood

Question 26

What happens in the large intestine?

Answer 26

Excess water is absorbed

Question 27

What happens in the rectum?

Answer 27

Where faeces ares stored

Question 28

What does bile do?

Answer 28

Bile neutralises stomach acid, it is an alkali and makes the conditions inside the small intestine alkali, the pH enzymes work best. Bile also emulsifies fat to give it a large surface area for faster digestion.

Question 29

What is the heart?

Answer 29

An organ that pumps blood around the body in a Double cicruclatory system

Question 30

Where is the pacemaker located in the heart?

Answer 30

The right atrium

Question 31

What is the test for sugars?

Answer 31

Benedict’s test in water bath Blue -> brick red

Question 32

What is the test for starch?

Answer 32

Iodine from from brown -> blue black

Question 33

What is the test for proteins?

Answer 33

Buiret test from blue->purple

Question 34

Where and what is the aorta?

Answer 34

Aorta is an artery going form the heart to the body

Question 35

Where and what is the vena cava?

Answer 35

Vein going from body to heart

Question 36

What is the main difference between an artery and a vein?

Answer 36

Veins go towards the heart Arteries go away from the heart

Question 37

What does an artificial pacemaker do?

Answer 37

They are electrical device used to correct irregularities in heart rate

Question 38

What four components make the blood?

Answer 38

Red blood cells White blood cells Plasma Platelets

Question 39

What is the function of a platelet?

Answer 39

They clot any cuts in the skin to prevent blood from pouring and and microorganisms getting in

Question 40

What is the function of a red blood cell?

Answer 40

Carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues for respiration by bonding it with haemoglobin

Question 41

What is the function of the white blood cell?

Answer 41

Protect the body against pathogens

Question 42

What is the function of plasma?

Answer 42

Carries all the other parts Carried nutrients Carries waste products And makes the blood more watery so it can flow

Question 43

What are three structural adaptations of an artery?

Answer 43

Thick muscle tissue for strength Thick elastic tissue for starching Small lumen

Question 44

What are the structural adaptations of capillaries?

Answer 44

Wall single cell thick Permeable Small lumen

Question 45

What are the structural adaptations of veins?

Answer 45

Big lumens Thin walls Valves so blood can get up to heart and prevent back flow at low pressures

Question 46

What is the cause of coronary heart disease?

Answer 46

Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries,narrowing me. This reduces blood flow resulting in a lack of oxygen in the heart muscles

Question 47

What are some effects that coronary heart disease may cause?

Answer 47

Faulty heart valves

Question 48

What are the consequences of faulty heart valves?

Answer 48

Valve may not open fully to let blood in Valve May leak blood and cause backflow

Question 49

What are the two main treatments for coronary heart disease?

Answer 49

Stents Statins

Question 50

What are the positives and negatives of stents in the heart?

Answer 50

Adv -Surgery is quick -lasts a long time Disav - surgery is required which comes with risks - blood clots near stent

Question 51

What are the positives and negatives of statins in the heart?

Answer 51

Adv - reduces chance of strokes, heart attacks and heart disease Disav - needs to be taken for long periods/lifetime - can cause sickness and beaches

Question 52

How can we fix faulty valves and what is the problem with replacements?

Answer 52

With biological or mechanical valves Can cause blood clots Requires surgery

Question 53

What is heart failure?

Answer 53

When heart can’t pump blood round the body anymore

Question 54

What are the problems that can be caused by heart transplants?

Answer 54

Could be rejected Requires surgery Long wait time Complicates surgery

Question 55

What is meant by the term health?

Answer 55

The state of physical and mental well being

Question 56

What is disease?

Answer 56

The large number of cortisone that can cause I’ll health

Question 57

What factors can have effects on health?

Answer 57

Communicable and non communicable disease Diet Stress Life situations

Question 58

What could problems with the immune system mean?

Answer 58

Immune system is unable to defend itself and could lead to more diseases

Question 59

What could happen if you have severe physcial health issues?

Answer 59

It leads to and causes depression or chronic anxiety

Question 60

What is a risk factor of disease?

Answer 60

Anything that increases the chance a personal will develop a certain disease

Question 61

What categories do risk factors commonly fall into?

Answer 61

Lifestyle Environment Genetics

Question 62

What are costs of non communicable disease on a local and global scale?

Answer 62

Rely on family for support Unable to work - effects family More disease - less productive work force More government spending on health

Question 63

What is the effect of lifestyle factors on the incidence of disease on a Local and global scale?

Answer 63

Developed countries - higher income - too much unhealthy food and no exercise. Obesity = developed countries Ore deprived areas = more likely to smoke and not excerice

Question 64

How does cancer form?

Answer 64

Result of changes in cells that leads to uncontrolled growth and division

Question 65

What is a benign tumour?

Answer 65

Growth of abnormal cells that are contained in one area They do not invade other parts of the body

Question 66

What is a malignant tumour

Answer 66

A cancer, they can invade neighbouring tissue and spread to different parts of the body through the blood where they form secondary tumours