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AQA Biology > Topic 2 - Organistaion > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organistaion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the epidermal tissue?

A

This tissue covers the entire plant, it is transparent so light can pass through and it is covered in a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.

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2
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll tissue?

A

This is the tissue where most photosynthesis happens. It has lots of chloroplasts and is near the top of the leaf to get the most light.

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3
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll tissue?

A

The spongy mesophyll has lots of air spaces to allow gas to diffuse in and out easily - increasing rate of diffusion for its large surface area

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4
Q

What does a phloem transport and by which process?

A

The phloem transports food (mainly dissolved sugar) by translocation

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5
Q

How is the phloem adapted to transpiration?

A

They are made of elongated cells that have small pores between them to allows cell sap to flow through

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6
Q

What does a xylem transport and through which process?

A

The xylem transports water and minerals through transpiration.

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7
Q

How is the xylem adapted for transpiration?

A

They xylem is made of dead cells joined end to end. They are strengthened with lignin.

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8
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant and is cause by evaporation

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9
Q

How is there a constant transpiration stream?

A

As water is drawn out, the plant has a shortage so more water is drawn out the soil through the xylem vessels.

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10
Q

What causes transpiration?

A

Water evaporates out the stomata as a side effect to photosynthesis because there is more water inside the plant than in the air outside

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11
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function

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12
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is a group of tissues that perform a specific function

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13
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that work together to from a organism

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14
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

A system of organs which work together to digest and absorb food

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15
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

An enzyme is a biological catalyst which increase the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

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16
Q

Explain the lock and key method

A

Every enzyme has an active site which is unique to a substance. If the substrate doesn’t match the active site, the reaction won’t be catalysed

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17
Q

What are two limiting factors for enzymes?

A

Temperature and pH

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18
Q

Describe the enzyme of amylase

A

Amylase breaks down starch into maltose

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19
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

The salivary glands
The pancreas
The small intestine

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20
Q

What does protease do?

A

Converts proteins into amino acids

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21
Q

Where is protease made?

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

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22
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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23
Q

What is the liver for?

A

Where bike is produced to neutralise stomach acid and emulsify fats

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24
Q

What is the gall bladder for?

A

To store bile before realising it into the small intestine

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25
Q

What happens in the small intestine ?

A

Digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood

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26
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Excess water is absorbed

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27
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

Where faeces ares stored

28
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile neutralises stomach acid, it is an alkali and makes the conditions inside the small intestine alkali, the pH enzymes work best.
Bile also emulsifies fat to give it a large surface area for faster digestion.

29
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body in a Double cicruclatory system

30
Q

Where is the pacemaker located in the heart?

A

The right atrium

31
Q

What is the test for sugars?

A

Benedict’s test in water bath
Blue -> brick red

32
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine from from brown -> blue black

33
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Buiret test from blue->purple

34
Q

Where and what is the aorta?

A

Aorta is an artery going form the heart to the body

35
Q

Where and what is the vena cava?

A

Vein going from body to heart

36
Q

What is the main difference between an artery and a vein?

A

Veins go towards the heart
Arteries go away from the heart

37
Q

What does an artificial pacemaker do?

A

They are electrical device used to correct irregularities in heart rate

38
Q

What four components make the blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Plasma
Platelets

39
Q

What is the function of a platelet?

A

They clot any cuts in the skin to prevent blood from pouring and and microorganisms getting in

40
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues for respiration by bonding it with haemoglobin

41
Q

What is the function of the white blood cell?

A

Protect the body against pathogens

42
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries all the other parts
Carried nutrients
Carries waste products
And makes the blood more watery so it can flow

43
Q

What are three structural adaptations of an artery?

A

Thick muscle tissue for strength
Thick elastic tissue for starching
Small lumen

44
Q

What are the structural adaptations of capillaries?

A

Wall single cell thick
Permeable
Small lumen

45
Q

What are the structural adaptations of veins?

A

Big lumens
Thin walls
Valves so blood can get up to heart and prevent back flow at low pressures

46
Q

What is the cause of coronary heart disease?

A

Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries,narrowing me. This reduces blood flow resulting in a lack of oxygen in the heart muscles

47
Q

What are some effects that coronary heart disease may cause?

A

Faulty heart valves

48
Q

What are the consequences of faulty heart valves?

A

Valve may not open fully to let blood in
Valve May leak blood and cause backflow

49
Q

What are the two main treatments for coronary heart disease?

A

Stents
Statins

50
Q

What are the positives and negatives of stents in the heart?

A

Adv
-Surgery is quick
-lasts a long time

Disav
- surgery is required which comes with risks
- blood clots near stent

51
Q

What are the positives and negatives of statins in the heart?

A

Adv
- reduces chance of strokes, heart attacks and heart disease

Disav
- needs to be taken for long periods/lifetime
- can cause sickness and beaches

52
Q

How can we fix faulty valves and what is the problem with replacements?

A

With biological or mechanical valves
Can cause blood clots
Requires surgery

53
Q

What is heart failure?

A

When heart can’t pump blood round the body anymore

54
Q

What are the problems that can be caused by heart transplants?

A

Could be rejected
Requires surgery
Long wait time
Complicates surgery

55
Q

What is meant by the term health?

A

The state of physical and mental well being

56
Q

What is disease?

A

The large number of cortisone that can cause I’ll health

57
Q

What factors can have effects on health?

A

Communicable and non communicable disease
Diet
Stress
Life situations

58
Q

What could problems with the immune system mean?

A

Immune system is unable to defend itself and could lead to more diseases

59
Q

What could happen if you have severe physcial health issues?

A

It leads to and causes depression or chronic anxiety

60
Q

What is a risk factor of disease?

A

Anything that increases the chance a personal will develop a certain disease

61
Q

What categories do risk factors commonly fall into?

A

Lifestyle
Environment
Genetics

62
Q

What are costs of non communicable disease on a local and global scale?

A

Rely on family for support
Unable to work - effects family
More disease - less productive work force
More government spending on health

63
Q

What is the effect of lifestyle factors on the incidence of disease on a Local and global scale?

A

Developed countries - higher income - too much unhealthy food and no exercise. Obesity = developed countries
Ore deprived areas = more likely to smoke and not excerice

64
Q

How does cancer form?

A

Result of changes in cells that leads to uncontrolled growth and division

65
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Growth of abnormal cells that are contained in one area
They do not invade other parts of the body

66
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

A cancer, they can invade neighbouring tissue and spread to different parts of the body through the blood where they form secondary tumours

AQA Biology (10 decks)

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