Topic 3 Civil Rights Flashcards
What was the Jim crow army?
Black Americans enlisted, had to fight in segregated units
What were black soldiers not allowed to combat in before 1944?
Marines
What was the Tuskegee airmen?
All black American fighter group
How many black pilots were there by the end of the war?
1000
What did President Truman ban in 1948 due to the contributions of black Americans in the war effort?
’Separate but equal’ recruiting, training, service in army
What did Roosevelt set up that banned discrimination against black Americans in factories producing war goods?
Fair employment practices committee
What was the NAACP?
Organisation set up to campaign for civil rights
What did the ’double V’ campaign set up by black Americans mean?
Victory over fascism abroad and victory over discrimination at home
By 1944, how many black Americans were working in war factories?
Nearly 2 million
What did Oliver Brown want for his daughter Linda Brown (Brown v Topeka)?
Attend neighbourhood white school rather than black school further away
What did Oliver Brown with the help of NAACP do (Brown v Topeka)?
Took case to supreme court
What did the Supreme Court rule (Brown v Topeka)?
Racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
Who was Orval Faubus?
Governor of Arkansas
What did Orval Faubus do (Little Rock nine)?
Surrounded Little Rock central high school with national guardsmen to prevent 9 entering
What did President Eisenhower do (Little Rock nine)?
Sent 1000 federal troops and each student assigned personal guard
How many of the Little Rock nine graduated?
8
By 1964 how many African-American children attended multi-racial schools in southern states?
Fewer than 2%
What federal court decision did the Supreme Court uphold (James Meredith)?
Force Mississippi Uni to accept James Meredith
How many troops did JFK have to send to restore order after riots broke out (James Meredith)?
2000
How many soldiers had to remain on Mississippi Uni campus to protect Meredith until he graduated?
300
Which group did local civil rights activists set up that organised the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
Who was leader of the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association)?
MLK
What was the ruling of the Supreme Court (Montgomery Bus Boycott)?
Montgomerys bus laws were illegal
Which event is considered to mark the beginning of the civil rights movement?
Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-56
What were the freedom rides?
Campaigners rode on interstate buses to check segregation on buses ended
What was CORE?
Congress of racial equality, campaign for black civil rights
When were the freedom rides?
1961
Where did the freedom rides begin at?
Washington DC, plan travel to New Orleans
What happened to the freedom riders in Anniston, Alabama?
Bus attacked and burned
What happened to the freedom riders in Birmingham?
Attacked by angry white mob with no police protection
What happened to the freedom riders in Jackson, Mississippi?
27 jailed for 67 days for sitting in white only section bus station
What did the Interstate Commerce Committee order (freedom rides)?
Desegregation of all bus and train stations
What was the SCLC?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, formed and led by MLK
When was MLK awarded the Nobel peace prize?
1964
When was the Birmingham March?
March 1963
Why did Birmingham, Alabama become the focus of civil rights protesters?
Authorities done nothing to desegregate facilities and half population was black Americans
What did the protestors face at the Birmingham March?
Water canons
Police dogs
What happened to MLK at the Birmingham March?
Arrested and sent to jail
How was the Birmingham March resolved?
JFK sent troops and Birmingham forced to de segregate
When was the March on Washington?
August 1963
How many people gathered to hear MLK deliver his ‘I have a dream speech’ on the steps of Lincoln Memorial?
250,000
What did the March on Washington put pressure on JFK to do?
Pass civil rights bill
When was the March on Selma?
March 1965
Why did protestors March on Selma?
Demand equal voting rights
What did the protestors face on the March on Selma?
Attacked by police and state troopers with dogs, whips and tear gas
What was Bloody Sunday?
protestors attacked on March on Selma, shown around the world
What did the March on Selma result in?
Passing Voting Rights Act
What happened to MLK in April 1968?
Assassinated in Memphis by white racist James Earl Ray
What was the Nation of Islam?
Sought separatism and rejected slave surnames, used ‘x’
What did Malcolm X believe?
Rejected Kings peaceful methods and believed violence was justified to secure separate black nation
Who did Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam mostly attract support from?
Young black Americans
Why did Malcolm X attract support?
Excellent public speaker
What were 2 things Malcolm X did?
Encouraged self-esteem of black Americans
Set up educational programmes in ghettos
Why did the black power movement emerge?
anger and frustration expressed by young black Americans over high unemployment and poverty
Who was the black power movements leading spokesperson?
Stokely Carmichael
What was the SNCC?
Student non-violent coordinating committee
Who became chairman of the SNCC (student non violent coordinating committee) in 1966?
Stokely Carmichael
What was the Black Power Movement slogan?
’Black is beautiful’
What did Stokely Carmichael want black Americans to have?
Pride in their heritage
Which group did Carmichael join in 1968, after leaving the SNCC?
Black Panthers
Who formed the black panthers in 1968?
Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
Who were the black panthers?
Members wore uniforms, prepared to use force to achieve aim of socialist society
Why did the black power movement gain international publicity in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics?
Two black athletes and members of black panthers wore single black glove and gave clenched fist salute in medal ceremony
