Topic 1 Economic Downturn and recovery Flashcards

1
Q

When did theWall Street Crash happen?

A

October 1929

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2
Q

How many people were unemployed at the end of 1929?

A

2.5 million

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3
Q

How many people were unemployed by 1932?

A

12 million

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4
Q

Why did businesses and factories collapse after the Wall Street Crash?

A

people stopped spending

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5
Q

What was a hobo?

A

an unemployed wanderer searching for work

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6
Q

Why were people forced to live in Hoovervilles?

A

many could not pay rent and lost their homes

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7
Q

What were Hoovervilles?

A

shanty towns on the edges of towns/cities by unemployed (named after President Hoover)

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8
Q

What were homes in Hoovervilles like?

A
  • made from cardboard, tin and wood
  • no running water/sewage system
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9
Q

Who were bonus marchers?

A

men who fought in ww1 who had been promised a bonus

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10
Q

How many bonus marchers marched in Washington DC to get early payment?

A

over 12,000

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11
Q

How did Hoover try to get rid of the bonus marchers?

A

sent the army

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12
Q

How many bonus marchers were injured/killed?

A
  • over 100 injured
  • a baby was killed
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13
Q

What happened to farmers after the Wall Street Crash?

A
  • farmers couldn’t sell produce and went bankrupt
  • many became hobos
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14
Q

What happened in 1931 in the countryside?

A
  • there was a drought and the soil turned to dust
  • dust storms created a ‘dust bowl’
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15
Q

What happened to the number of marriages and the birth rate during the Great Depression?

A

they fell

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16
Q

What happened to the number of suicides during the Great Depression?

A

sharp rise

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17
Q

What was the idea of Rugged individualism?

A
  • individuals were responsible for their own lives
  • should not expect help from government
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18
Q

What was the idea of balancing the budget?

A

making sure the government doesn’t spend more money than it gets from taxes

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19
Q

What were 3 reasons Herbert Hoover was unpopular during the Great Depression?

A
  • he believed in Rugged individualism
  • he believed in balancing the budget and refused to borrow money to help create jobs
  • he sent troops to remove bonus army
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20
Q

What was the policy of Laissez faire?

A

govt should not interfere in what businesses were doing

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21
Q

What were Relief agencies?

A

Organisations set up to help poor and unemployed

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22
Q

When was Hoovers Reconstruction Finance Cooperation Act passed?

A

January 1932

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23
Q

What did Hoovers Reconstruction Finance Cooperation do?

A

gave $2 billion of federal aid to struggling banks, insurance companies and railways

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24
Q

When was Hoovers Home Loan Bank Act passed?

A

July 1932

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25
What did **Hoovers Home Loan Bank Act do**?
**set up 12 regional banks** to **stimulate house building** and **home ownership**
26
When was **Hoovers Emergency Relief Act passed**?
**July 1932**
27
What did the **Emergency Relief Act do**?
**gave $300 million** to **state governments** to **help unemployed**
28
What was the **result** of the **1932 presidential election**?
**Democrat Franklin D Roosevelt** won a **landslide victory**
29
How many **states** did **Roosevelt win** in the **1932 presidential election**?
**42** out of 48
30
What were **4 reasons Hoover** was **unpopular** during **1932 presidential election**?
- **Republicans blamed** for **Great Depression** - **harsh treatment** of **bonus marchers** - **relief schemes** were **too small**and **too late** - **Hoover offered nothing new**
31
What were **4 reasons Roosevelt** was **appealing** during **1932 presidential election**?
- **created mood** of **optimism** - **simple message** - **promised** a **'new deal'** - **overcome effects** of **polio** to become **successful politician**
32
What was **Roosevelts new deal based on**?
**'3 rs'** - **Relief, Recovery** and **Reform**
33
When did **Roosevelt take office** as **President** and begin to **implement** the **New Deal**?
**January 1933**
34
What did **Relief stand for**?
**spend money** to **relieve hunger** and **get unemployed back to work**
35
What did **Recovery stand for**?
**support businesses** and **solve problems with banks**
36
What did **Reform stand for**?
**create welfare system** to **support people** and make sure **banks** and **businesses** did not get into **trouble again**
37
What were **Alphabet Agencies**?
**nickname** given to **group of organisations set up** as part of the **New Deal**
38
What did the **first New Deal focus on**?
**relief** and **recovery**
39
What was the **Emergency Banking Act**?
**govt closed all banks** for **10 days** and **supported 5000 banks**
40
What did **Roosevelt reassure people of** as part of the **Emergency Banking Act**?
that their **money** was **safe in banks**
41
What was the **Federal Emergency Relief Administration**?
given **$500 million** to **provide food, clothing** and **housing** for the **poor**
42
What was the **Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)**?
-**provided 6 months work** for **men aged 18-25** on **environmental projects** eg planting trees
43
How **many men** were **given work** by the **Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)** by **1940**?
around **2 million**
44
What was the **Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)**?
**Farmers** were **paid** to **destroy some crops** and **livestock** to **force up prices**
45
What was the **impact** of the **Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)**?
**farmers earned one and a half times as much** in **1936** as they had in **1933**
46
When did **Roosevelt introduce** his **second New Deal**?
**1935**
47
What were **fireside chats**?
**evening radio addresses** given by **Roosevelt**
48
Why were **fireside chats important**?
**Roosevelt communicated his policies** with the **American people**
49
What did the **second New Deal focus on**?
**welfare** and **rights of workers (Reform)**
50
What were **3 alphabet agencies** under the **first New Deal**?
- **Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)** - **Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)** - **Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)**
51
What was the **Works Progress Administration (WPA)(second new deal)**?
**oversaw job creation schemes** - **public building projects** including **roads, harbours** and **airports**
52
What was the **National Labour Relations Act also known as**?
the **Wagner Act**
53
What was the **National Relations Labour Act (second new deal)**?
- allowed **workers** to **join trade unions** - **gave protection** against **unfair treatment** by **employers**
54
What was the **Fair Labour Standards Act (second new deal)**?
- **enforced employment laws** such as **minimum wage** - **300,000 workers** secured **higher wages** - **1 million** had a **shorter working week**
55
What was the **Social Security Act (second new deal)**?
**provided benefits** for **elderly, disabled, unemployed, widows** and **orphans**
56
What were the **4 legislations/agency** under the **second New Deal**?
- **Works Progress Administration (WPA)** - **Wagner Act** - **Fair Labour Standards Act** - **Social Security Act**
57
How **many people** were **employed** in the **CCC** as a **result** of the **new deal**?
**2.5 million**
58
How did the **new deal impact** the **US banking system**?
**stabilised it**- **restored confidence** in **people** to **borrow** and **save money**
59
What **impact** did the **New Deal creating** a **semi-welfare state** have?
- **provided pensions** for **elderly** - **better financial aid** for **sick, disabled** and **unemployed**
60
How did the **New Deal discriminate against black people**?
either got **no work** or received **lower wages**
61
Who was **Huey Long**?
**Governor of Louisiana**
62
How did **Huey Long, Governor of Louisiana criticise** the **New Deal**?
- believed it did **not share out** the **nations wealth fairly** - **proposed 'Share Our Wealth' campaign**
63
How did **Father Charles Coughlin criticise** the **New Deal**?
- for **not doing enough** to **help the needy** - **held weekly radio broadcasts**
64
How **many listeners** did **Father Charles Coughlins weekly radio broadcasts attract**?
**over 40 million**
65
How **many listeners** did **Father Charles Coughlins weekly radio broadcasts attract**?
**over 40 million**
66
How did **Dr Francis Townsend criticise** the **New Deal**?
argued it did **not do enough** to **help old people**
67
How did **Dr Francis Townsend criticise** the **New Deal**?
argued it did **not do enough** to **help old people**
68
What did **Dr Francis Townsend propose** to **help old people**?
**$200 pension** a **month** for **over 60s**
69
Which **3 individuals believed** the **New Deal wasn't doing enough**?
- **Huey Long** - **Father Charles Coughlin** - **Dr Francis Townsend**
70
How did **Republicans criticise** the **New Deal**?
argued **Roosevelt** was **giving federal government too much power**
71
What were **4 critisms** of **people who believed** the **New Deal had gone too far**?
- **trade unions** given **too much power** - **new welfare measures** **encourage people** to **live off the state** - **role of government** had **been changed** - **too much government interference** in **businesses**
72
What did the **Supreme Court rule** about the **NRA** and **AAA**?
they were **unconstitutional** and **Roosevelt** had **claimed federal powers he did not have**