topic 3 - challenges of an urbanising world Flashcards
define urbanisation
an increase in the percentage of the population living in a town or city
define megacity
a city with a population of over 10 million
define urban primacy
is when one city dominates in the county it is in
primate cities can influence the city economically
transports links like airports are often located in primate cities to encourage migration and further investment
migration - people migrate to primate cities there are better job opportunities
primate cities can influence political influence
governments and headquarters, large business are often located there to help improve the development equally
examples of push factors
war and conflict poor healthcare poor education poor environment eg high crime rate natural disasters poor standard of living
examples of pull factors
safer environment
better healthcare
better education
better standard of living
formal work/employment
formal employment is official and declared to the government
-good working conditions because the government are aware that these jobs exist
-good health and safety regulations
workers pay tax to the government
Informal employment
Informal employment is not officially recognised and the government
- jobs aren’t taxed
- dangerous working hours
The different economic sectors
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
primary sector
he primary sector involves construction, food production and mining/harvesting raw materials (e.g. agriculture, fishing) agriculture, fishing, mining, harvesting
secondary sector
The secondary sector involves the manufacturing
tertiary sector
The tertiary sector involves providing services (e.g. banking, doctors, retail shops).
quaternary sector
The quaternary sector is the information economy (e.g. software development, consultancy, and R&D).
Stages of City Development
urbanisation suburbanisation de-industrialisation counter-urbanisation regeneration
the first stage of city development - urbanisation
urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of the population living in a built-up urban area eg towns and cites
as the population size increase urban areas spread into the surrounding countryside
the second stage of city development
suburbanisation is the movement of people from the city centre to the suburbs of a city. this happens because urban areas become overcrowded and polluted
improvements in transport links allow these people to commute to work.
the third stage of city development
de-industrialisation as the country develops it may experience de-industrialisation this is the movement of manufacturing move out of urban areas and into rural areas
-This can lead to depopulation and decline on the edges of cities because of increased unemployment
the fourth stage of city development - counter-urbanisation
when people migrate from urban to rural areas.
usually to have a better quality of life and house price are cheaper
due to improvement in communication services and transport links people can commute to work or work remotely from home
the fifth stage of city development
regeneration is when people return back to the urban area. business and younger people are attracted by the governments’ investment in new developments
Factors Affecting Urban Land Uses
avaliablity
cost
accessablity
planning/regualtions
availability - affecting urban land use
the city centre the land in use and demand for land is high. so the building is built upwards rather than using more ground space which is why cities have so many skyscrapers (it is easier to build higher than it is to build underground).
cost- affecting urban land use
the city centre has the highest land price but the cost of land decrease as you move further from the city centre
Some businesses and shops can afford centrally located land, but houses in city centres are rare, and expensive if they do exist.
land use in the city
commercial
industrial
residential -
Challenges of Urban Growth in Lagos
water supply waste disposal poor employment traffic congestion squatter settlements
