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geography paper 1 > topic 1 - hazardous earth > Flashcards

topic 1 - hazardous earth Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the global atmospheric circulation ?

A
  • air circulates around the -hadley cell
  • air rises from the equator which is the hottest part of the earth
  • leading to low pressure and high rainfall
  • when the air reaches the edge of the atmosphere is moves 30 north and south
  • and the air becomes cooler and denser which causes the air to sink creating high pressure with cloudless skies and little rainfall
  • cool air reaches the ground surface and moves as surface wind back to the equator or towards the poles
  • air rises again at polar cell 60 n/s of the equator creating low pressure belt . at the poles the cool air sinks creating high pressure and moves back to the equator as surface wind
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2
Q

at the equator

A

air circulates around the hadely cell
the air rises from the equator which is the hottest part of the earth surface
leading to low pressure and high rainfall
the air begins to cool and becomes denser causing it to sink

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3
Q

at 30 north and south

A

the rising air cools and sinks and moves away from the equator towards 30 north and south creating high pressure and cloudless skies with little rainfall

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4
Q

at 60 north and south

A

when the cool air reaches the earths surface it moves as surface wind either towards the equator or towards the poles air rises again a the polar cell forming low pressure

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5
Q

at the poles

A

at the north and south pole the cool air will sink forming high pressure belt , this high pressure belt will move back to the equator as surface wind

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6
Q

hadley cell

A

the ground is heated causing the air to rise
the rising air forms low pressure eventually cools and condenses forming clouds

climate
hot due to the sun ray being most intense near the equator
high rainfall
eg tropical forest

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7
Q

ferrel cell

A

occur at high latitude ( 60 n/s )
the warmer surface wind meet the cold air from the poles
the warmer air rises as it is less dense then the cold air
creating low pressure

climate cold and wet

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8
Q

the polar cell

A

the air is cooled and sinks towards the earth surface
forming high pressure

climate little rainfall

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9
Q

low pressure

A

the warmth of the earth surfaces heats the air above
which causes the air to rise
as it rises it cools and condenses forming clouds

low pressure belt - high rainfall eg rain forest

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10
Q

high pressure

A

when cool and denser air sinks back down to the earth surface

resulting in high pressure belt

  • little rainfall
  • cloudless skies
  • arid areas
  • eg deserts
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11
Q

types of ocean currents

A

deep ocean current - caused by the difference in water density

surface ocean - caused by winds , transfers heat from the equator to cooler regions

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12
Q

volcanic activities

A

volcanic eruption releases lots of volcanic material into the atmosphere which can block the sun’s ray which causes the earth climate to be colder

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13
Q

sunspot

A

sun spots are black spots on the earth surface , they increase the suns output energy resulting to warmer climate

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14
Q

orbital change

A

the earth has a natural warming and cooling period caused by the milankovitch cycle , this depends on the way the earth moves around the sun . when the earth is further away from the suns solar radiation is reduced resulting in cooler climate

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15
Q

natural factors that are potential causes of climate change

A

volcanic activity
asteroid collision
sunspots
orbital changes

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16
Q

human factors that causes climate change

A 
farming 
transportation
industry 
energy 
deforestation
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17
Q

farming

A

livestock produce a lot of methane which is a greenhouse gas

rice paddies emit lots of methane gas

deforestation - fewer trees to absorb c02 from the atmosphere to use in photosynthesis

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18
Q

transportation

A

cars burn fossil fuels. carbon emissions get released into the atmosphere so the amount of greenhouse gases released increase

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19
Q

energy production

A

fossil fuels including coal and oil and gas , when fossil fuels get burned c02 is released

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20
Q

evidence that human activity is causing climate change

A

declining arctic ice
sea level rise
extreme weather events
global temperature rise

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21
Q

extreme weather events

A

extreme weather such as droughts , heatwaves etc will become more frequent and extreme

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22
Q

declining arctic ice

A

the arctic ice in the winter is decreasing

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23
Q

global temperature rise

A

the temperature of the earth is increasing some areas will experience droughts

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24
Q

the greenhouse effect

A

the atmosphere allows heat from the sun (short wave radiation ) to pass through to heat the earth surface
the earth surface absorbs some of this radiation but then gives off heat long wavelength radiation is reflected back into the atmosphere
This heat is trapped by the greenhouse gases which radiates heat back towards the earth

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25
Q

reduced biodiversity

A

reduced biodiversity
the rate at which climate change is changing is making it difficult for animals to adapt to the habitats which could lead to extinction

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26
Q

effects of climate change on the environment

A

reduced biodiversity
melting ice
change in precipitation pattern

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27
Q

melting ice

A

melting ice is causing sea level to rise which could lead flood coastal habitats

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28
Q

effects of climate change on humans

A

lower crop yields
more death due to heat
extreme weather events
Loss of coastal areas

29
Q

lower crop yields

A

climate change might increase temperature so it would make it harder to grow crops. People could die from starvation

30
Q

evidence for natural climate change

A

ice cores
tree rings
Historical records

31
Q

pre-condition of a tropical cyclones

A

sea temperature above 26 c or warmer
this leads to warm air to rise forming low pressure

location within 5-30 degree north and south where the Coriolis effect is strongest to make it spiral

sea depth 70m and above

32
Q

explain 2 reasons for the range of projections

A

one reason for the projection in climate change is due to the uncertainty of population growth in the future . If the population growth decrease this may lead to less global warming another reason is the energy source . If humans use non-renewable energy this would increase global warming

33
Q

formation of tropical cyclones

A

tropical cyclones form when the sea temperature reaches 26 c and above. It’s causes the air above to rise which realises huge amount of energy which creates powerful storms and rapidly rising air . Trade winds at the equator causes the storm to spiral upward due to the Coriolis effect . The eye is created as cooler air sinks and cumulonimbus clouds form an eye wall . The cyclone begin to dissipate as it reaches land or cooler water

34
Q

features of tropical cyclone

A

eye wall - spiralling rising air , very strong wind ,low temperature

Centre - low pressure , high temperature , no clouds or rain

circular shape

35
Q

physical hazards of tropical cyclone

A 
intense rainfall 
storm surge 
high wind 
coastal flooding 
Landslide
36
Q

where are low pressure belt found and where does the air go

A

low pressure belts found at the equator and 60 n/s of the equator

air rises

37
Q

where does high pressure belts occur and where does the air travel

A

high pressure belts found at the poles and 30 n/s

air sinks

38
Q

tropical storms are rated on the

A

saffir-Simpson scale - based on wind speeds

39
Q

tropical management strategies

reducing the impacts of tropical cyclones

A

forecasting
evacuations
defences

40
Q

some countries are more vulnerable than others due to

A

social vulnerability
economic vulnerability
physical vulnerability

41
Q

social vulnerability

A

low income counties are more socially vulnerable this is because they usually have poorer quality material and poor healthcare system and have less money spend on defences .

42
Q

economic vulnerability

A

poorer countries are economically more vulnerable this is because most of the population work in agriculture which can often be badly affected eg flooding

43
Q

layers of the earth

A

crust
mantle
outer core
inner core

44
Q

crust

A 
also know as the lithosphere 
thin outer layer 
60km thick 
solid layer 
made up of granite and basalt

2 types of crust
oceanic and continental

45
Q

difference between the oceanic an Continental crust

A

oceanic crust continental crust
more dense less dense
thinner thicker

46
Q

mantle

A

thickest layer
layer which surrounds the core
made up of semi-molten rocks or magma

mantle can be split into 3 sections
the upper part of the mantle is solid
middle layer known as the asthenosphere is semi molten

47
Q

outer core

A

liquid layer

made from nickel and iron

48
Q

inner core

A

centre of the earth
hottest part of the earth
solid layer
very dense

49
Q

explain how convection currents move the earths surface (4 marks )

A

the earth core is heated due to radioactive decay
this causes the magma in the mantel to heat up
the heated magma rises to the surface of the earth as it is less dense
when it reaches the crust it moves sideways
then drags the plate apart creating a circular movement

50
Q

name the 3 plate boundaries

A

convergent ( destructive )
divergent ( constructive )
conservatives

51
Q

divergent plate boundaries

example

A

when 2 plates move away from each other this causes a gap between the plates. the magma rises from the mantle to sill the gap forming shield volcanoes
for example the mid-Atlantic

52
Q

conservative plate boundary - 2 types

A

plate slide past each other in opposite directions
the 2 plates would get stuck
the friction and pressure builds up and eventually the plates slip past in a sudden movement

or

2 plates move in the same direction but at different speed

when the plates move side by side
they can get stuck together
pressure builds up
and released as earthquakes

53
Q

which plate boundary forms and does not form volcanoes and earthquakes

A

divergent - shield volcanoes
conservative - no volcanoes but serve earthquakes
convergent - earthquake or volcanoes

54
Q

convergent / collisions boundaries

A

when 2 plates move towards each other this caused the oceanic plate to be subducted beneath the continental plate

or

when Continental plates collide and form fold mountains

55
Q

hot spots

A

occur where hot magma from the mantel moves towards the surface . the rising hot magma break through the crust and reaches the surface causing eruptions / forming volcanoes

56
Q

how do volcanoes form on the convergent plates

A

when the denser oceanic plate gets subducted beneath the continental plate the friction and pressure builds up and causes a ( cracks ) vent the magma rise to the surface of the earth

57
Q

characteristics of volcanoes at convergent plate margins

A 
composite volcanoes 
highly explosive 
produces lot gas produced 
ashy explosions 
produces andesitic lava - sticky and thick
58
Q

how do volcanoes form on divergent plates

A

when 2 plates move apart from each other the magma rises and fills the gap in between forming shield volcanoes

59
Q

composite volcanoes - description

A

occur on convergent plate boundaries
steep-sided
explosive eruptions with ashy explosions
thick and sticky andesitic lava

60
Q

shield volcanoes

A

occur on divergent or hotspots
not very explosive
erupt basaltic lava
low and gentle sided

61
Q

Earthquakes

A

An earthquake is a sudden or violent movement within the Earth’s crust followed by a series of shocks.

62
Q

An earthquake can happen at all 3 plate margins

A

At divergent margins, pressure can build up from cracks in the plates when they move apart. This can cause earthquakes.

At convergent margins, a plate can get stuck as it moves under another. This can cause earthquakes.

At conservative margins, there can be friction between plates because they aren’t smooth. This can cause earthquakes.

63
Q

earthquakes can be measured using a

A

richter scale

64
Q

features of earthquakes

A

focus - where the pressure is released underground and where the energy radiates out from

epicentre - the point on the earths crust that is directly above the centre of the earthquake

65
Q

types of earthquakes

A

deep-focus

shallow-focus

66
Q

deep-focus earthquakes

A

less damaging

occurs at convergent plates

67
Q

shallow-focus earthquakes

A

more damaging because the shock waves have to travel further to the earths surface

68
Q

tsunami

A

an underwater earthquake which displaces huge amount of water

geography paper 1 (4 decks)

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