topic 2- development dynamics Flashcards
economic indicators
GDP
GNP per capita
GNI - gross national income
GDP
is the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
GDP per capita
the GDP divided by the population of a country
GNI
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year including income from oversea
social indicators - healthcare
birth rate
death rate
HDI
life expectancy
birth rate
the number of births per 1000 people per year
death rate
the number of deaths per 1000 per year
women’s right indicators
fertility rate
infant mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
gender inequality index
education indicators
literacy rate
gender inequality index
corruption indicators
CPI
factors that makeup the HDI
education
life expectancy
income per person
Developing countries’ population pyramids
the base is wide because of the high birth rate
the middle is narrower because the infant mortality rate is high
life expectancy is low so the top of the pyramid would be narrow
developing countries
countries like Kenya Chad
low standard of living
high birth rate
high infant mortality rate
high fertility rate
high death rate
low life expectancy
Emerging countries’ population pyramids
the base gets narrower as more women get a good education and contraception becomes more available.
The top of the pyramid gets wider as life expectancy rises and the quality of healthcare improves.
emerging countries
India or Thailand
improvement in health care so life expectancy increases and death rate decreases
fertility rate falls as women have more equal and have access to education
improvement in education and equality means that more people are working
Developed countries’ population pyramids
the base is narrow because of the low birth rates
the top of the pyramid gets wide because the quality of life is high and life expectancy is high
causes of inequality
topography health education climate colonialism neo-colonialism
environmental causes of inequalities
topography
the topography and location of a country can affect its development.if the land in a country has a steep relief it is difficult to build infrastructure and for farming which affects food production
landlocked countries
some countries don’t have access to the sea eg ports so find it difficult to trade with other countries
climate
Which Historical Factors Cause Uneven Development?
colonialism
countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of independence. European countries eg France and UK colonised many parts of Africa and used their raw material and sold them in high-value goods. this means that poorer countries lost their own raw material and industry
neo-colonialism
after colonies gained their independence, richer countries continued to control them indirectly
Social Causes of Global Inequalities
health
poorer countries have poor healthcare and lack of clean water so many people suffered from diseases this affected the development because people can’t work which contributed to the economy
education
pooer counties don’t have good access to education because younger children would have to help support the family instead of going to school or there aren’t enough skilled teachers
Political causes of Global Inequalities
a corrupt government can slow down development by spending the money on warfare rather than spending it on improving healthcare and education
what are the category of Rostow’s theory
traditional society pre-condition to take off take off drive to maturity mass consumptions
explain Rostow’s theory
- stage one is traditional society
- Most of the people are employed in agriculture -mainly fishing and farming
- people live in a subsistence level
- stage 2 is pre-condition to take off
- at this stage manufacturing begins to develop
- infrastructure such as roads power network are built
- instead of working in the primary sector people are moving towards the secondary manufacturing sector
- stage 3 is known as take off
- rapid and intensive growth occurs due to investments in technology
- Urbanisation will begin as people move to the cities
- large-scale industrialisation occurs
- stage 4 drive to maturity
- standard of living rises
- people earning more money so people are getting more wealthier
- demand for services in the tertiary sector grows.
- demand for better healthcare and education
- stage 5 mass consumption
- most trading occurs at this stage
- people are wealthier so there are high levels of consumptions
Frank’s Dependency Theory
Frank’s dependency theory says that poor, peripheral countries stay poor because they are dependent on the rich, core countries. This is related to colonialism and neo-colonialism.
who are in charge of top-down strategies
governments and large organisations
what sort of scale are top-down strategies
large scale projections eg dams
what sort of funding do top-down strategies use
very expensive
funded by government and large organisations
what sort of technologies are used in top-down
high-tech
skilled workers
energy-intensive
machinery and technology
who are in charge of bottom-up strategies
local people and small communities
what sort of scale are bottom-up strategies
small scale eg wells
what sort of fundings do bottom-up use
projects are usually cheaper
funding comes from charities and donations
what sort of tech do bottom-up strategies use
intermediate technology
local materials
advantages of top-down strategy
Governments have lots of money to invest in big infrastructure projects.
Disadvantages of top-down strategies
if public officials are corrupt, the money may not be spent on the project
advantages of bottom-up strategies
Local communities and individuals find it easier to build up a lot of support.
disadvantage of bottom-up
Poor people who have ideas and need help are least likely to be able to get funding.
Cannot plan a project with insecure funding for a long time period.
how to increase globalisation
transnational corporations
government
how do transnational corporations increase globalisation
are large companies located in more than one country . TNC’S increases globalisation by linking together countries through production and sale it can also spread culture - products that people use in developed countries, developing countries have them too
how do governments increase globalisation
Free trade agreements and removing tariffs encourages trade
ways of reducing global inequality
non-governmental organisation NGO
inter-governemntal IGO
TNC
IGO - intergovernmental organisations
pro’s and con’s
IGO afford to fund large infrastucture projects to developing countries
advantages
boots economy
improve a nations energy, transport links and infrastructure
improve the quality of peoples lives
disadvantage
often very expensive and the country may have to pay back the money
how does TNC’S reduce global inequalities
advantages of TNC
- create job opportunity
- help development - people learn new skills and more educated
- investment put into infrastructure
disadvantage
- health and safety and environmental laws are lax
- unsafe working conditions
explain how HDI measures the health of a population 2 marks
HDI considers life expectancy which can inform how good the healthcare system is so the higher the life expectancy the healthier the population
explain one way in which topography affects economic development 3 marks
the shape and the relief of a country can affect its economic development. countries that have a steep relief and the land is not flat its harder to build infrastructure or transport links and difficult to grow crops, as a result, less money on the economy
explain one disadvantage of top-down development strategies
top-down development projects are usually large scale which can be expensive to set up and run therefore less money is spent on improving the healthcare system which could result in a higher death rate because people didn’t have access to medication
explain one negative impact of rapid economic development on human health
could lead to an increase in air pollution. as people get wealthier the demand for transport like cars increase but this releases dangerous chemicals which could harm the human health eg asthma
