Topic 3: Autism - Unraveling the Complexities

Question 1

Underconnectivity

Answer 1

Reduced communication between distant brain regions in autism

Example: Underconnectivity may contribute to difficulties in integrating information across different brain areas.

Question 2

Overconnectivity

Answer 2

Increased connectivity within local brain networks in autism

Example: Overconnectivity may lead to heightened sensitivity to specific stimuli in individuals with autism.

Question 3

Serotonin

Answer 3

A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and social behavior, potentially dysregulated in autism

Example: Serotonin levels may impact social interactions and emotional regulation in individuals with autism.

Question 4

Dopamine

Answer 4

A neurotransmitter associated with reward and motivation, potentially involved in repetitive behaviors in autism

Example: Dopamine dysregulation may contribute to the engagement in repetitive behaviors seen in autism.

Question 5

GABA

Answer 5

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, potentially implicated in sensory sensitivities and anxiety in autism

Example: GABA dysfunction may play a role in the sensory sensitivities and anxiety experienced by individuals with autism.

Question 6

Maternal immune activation

Answer 6

Exposure to certain infections or immune challenges during pregnancy, potentially increasing the risk of autism

Example: Maternal immune activation has been linked to an increased likelihood of autism in offspring.

Question 7

DSM-5

Answer 7

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, used for diagnosing mental health conditions, including autism

Example: Clinicians use the DSM-5 criteria to assess symptoms and make a diagnosis of autism.

Question 8

ICD-11

Answer 8

The International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision, used for classifying diseases and health conditions, including autism

Example: The ICD-11 provides a standardized system for coding and classifying various health conditions, including autism.

Question 9

ADOS

Answer 9

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, a standardized assessment tool for diagnosing autism

Example: The ADOS is often used by trained professionals to observe and evaluate social communication and behavior in individuals suspected of having autism.

Question 10

ADI-R

Answer 10

The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, a comprehensive interview for diagnosing autism

Example: The ADI-R is a structured interview conducted with caregivers to gather information about the individual’s developmental history and behaviors related to autism.

Question 11

Early intervention

Answer 11

Providing specialized support and therapies to young children with autism to improve outcomes

Example: Early intervention programs aim to address developmental delays and enhance skills in children with autism.

Question 12

Neurodevelopmental condition

Answer 12

A condition that affects the development of the brain and nervous system

Question 13

Social communication

Answer 13

The ability to interact and communicate effectively with others

Question 14

Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors

Answer 14

A core feature of autism, characterized by intense focus on specific interests and repetitive actions

Question 15

Sensory sensitivities

Answer 15

Heightened or diminished responses to sensory stimuli, often experienced by individuals with autism

Question 16

Standardized assessment

Answer 16

A structured evaluation using established procedures and scoring criteria