Topic 3 Flashcards
List the macronutrients and
micronutrients.
Macro: lipid (fat), carbohydrate, water and protein.
Micro: vitamins and minerals fribre
Outline the functions
of macronutrients and
micronutrients
Carbohydrates: Fuel, energy storage, cell membrane, DNA, RNA
Lipids (Fats): Fuel, energy storage, cell membrane, hormones, precursor of bile acid
Protein: Structure, transport, communication, enzymes, protection, fuel
Water: Medium for biochemical reactions, transport, excretion
Vitamins: Energy release from macro units, metabolism, bone health, blood health, eyesight
Minerals and trace elements: Minerlizations of bones and teeth, blood oxygen transport, defense against free radicals, muscle function
State the chemical
composition of a glucose
molecule
C, H and O (1:2:1 ratio)
Identify a diagram
representing the basic
structure of a glucose
molecule.
c6h12o6
Explain how glucose
molecules can combine
to form disaccharides and
polysaccharides
Condensation reaction—the linking of a
monosaccharide to another monosaccharide,
disaccharide or polysaccharide by the removal of a
water molecule.
State the composition of a
molecule of triacylglycerol.
Triglycerides are made up of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains.
Distinguish between
saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain.
Saturated fats originate from animalsources, for example, meat, poultry, full-fat dairyproducts and tropical oils, such as palm and coconut oils.
Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms within the fatty acid chain.
Unsaturated fats originate from plant-based foods, for example,
olive oil, olives, avocado, peanuts, cashew nuts, canola oil and seeds, sunflower oil and rapeseed.
Unsaturated vs Saturated
- Unsaturated vs Saturated
Unsaturated have one or more bond between their carbon atoms liquid at room temperature from plant-based foods ex. oil Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms within the fatty acid chain. Unsaturated fats originate from plant-based foods, for example, olive oil, olives, avocado, peanuts, cashew nuts, canola oil and seeds, sunflower oil and rapeseed. ## **Monounsaturated Fatty acid (MUFA) = single double bond** ## **Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) = multiple double bonds** Saturated Fat - have no double bonds between their carbon atoms, only single bonds - solid at room temperature - from animal sources ex. meat, dairy and tropical oils such as coconut - Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. Saturated fats originate from animal sources, for example, meat, poultry, full-fat dairy products and tropical oils, such as palm and coconut oils.
State the chemical
composition of a protein
molecule
C H O N
Distinguish between an
essential and a non-essential
amino acid.
9 Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from diet.
11 Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body
Describe current
recommendations for a
healthy balanced diet.
45–65 % carbohydrate, primary energy
10−35 % fat
20−35 % protein
- reduce daily sodium intake
- keep trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible
- reduce the intake of calories from solid fats and added sugars
- choose a variety of protein foods (seafood and beans)
- adequate water consumption
carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram / 1760 kJ per 100 grams ✔
proteins provide 4 calories per gram / 1720 kJ per 100 grams ✔
fats provide 9 calories per gram / 4000 kJ per 100 grams ✔
recommendations vary by …✔
calorie intake should be 2000–3000 for males and 1600–2400 females ✔
there is much contention about recommended ranges ✔
State the approximate
energy content per 100 g
of carbohydrate, lipid and
protein.
per 100 g are: carbohydrate 1760 kJ, lipid 4000 kJ and protein 1720 kJ.
Discuss how the
recommended energy
distribution of the dietary
macronutrients differs
between endurance athletes
and non-athletes.
Athletes eat more
Explain the differences in dietary recommendations for a runner during marathon training and a sedentary individual both with healthy body mass index (BMI).
has a high training volume and therefore have a much higher recommendation for carb intake;
need some fat stores increase in fat
need to recover after activity and are recommended a higher protein intake;
thermoregulate more higher water/ electrolyte intake;
greater mineral and vitamin intake for bone strength/blood cell
Outline metabolism,
anabolism, aerobic
catabolism and anaerobic
catabolism.
Metabolism: All the biochemical reactions thatoccur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions.
Anabolism: Energy requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones.
Catabolism: Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones, with the net release of energy
Aerobic Catabolism: with the involvement of oxygen
eg glucose to ATP, water, carbon dioxide, heat via krebs cycle and electron transport chain. (aerobic glycolysis)
Anaerobic Catabolism: without the involvement of oxygen.
eg glucose to ATP, pyruvate, lactate, hydrogen ions (anaerobic glycolysis)
Glycogenesis - glucose to glycogen
Lipolysis - the breakdown of stored lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose so it can be released into the
blood
Glycogen - glucose Stored in the liver and muscles, it is a polysaccharide made out of glucose
State what glycogen is and
its major storage sites.
- Highly branched chain of glucose monomers
- energy storage in animals liver and muscle
State the major sites of
triglyceride storage.
Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
Explain the role of insulin in
the formation of glycogen
and the accumulation of
body fat.
- After eating the blood glucose concentration increases
- stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin from it’s
beta cells. - Insulin increases the transport of glucose into the cell by the translocation of the glucose transporters from within the cell to the surface of the cell.
- Insulin stimulates glycolysis - glucose to pyruvate to lower the blood glucose levels after a meal.
- It promotes glycogenesis (glucose to glycogen) It promotes protein synthesis.
Insulin inhibits:
6. gluconeogenesis (conversion of lactate, protien or fat to glucose)
7. lipolysis in fat stores and the break down of protiens
Outline glycogenolysis and
lipolysis.
Glycogenolysis is the catabolic process of breaking down glycogen into glucose to provide a source of energy. This process primarily occurs in the liver and muscle tissues. involves a hydrolysis reaction. can be glucagon. insulin inhibits glycogenolysis. requires enzymes for optimal function.
Lipolysis
Lipolysis is the metabolic pathway through which triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids. This process occurs primarily in adipose (fat) tissue and is crucial for mobilizing stored energy.
Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose, mainly in the liver and muscles, to provide energy.
Lipolysis: Breakdown of fats (triglycerides) into fatty acids and glycerol, primarily in fat cells, for energy use.
Outline the functions of
glucagon and adrenaline
during fasting and exercise.
Adrenaline:
1. stimulate glycogenolysis ;
stimulate lipolysis ;
- block glucose storage by the muscles;
facilitate sympathetic nervous activity within the body; - increase heart rate/cardiac output/contractility of the heart;
increase vasodilation of blood vessels within the muscles;
glucagon:
1. produced by the pancreas / alpha cells and released into the blood stream ✔
2. is released when blood glucose levels are too low ✔
- promotes glycogenolysis / gluconeogenesis / lipolysis ✔
Explain the role of insulin
and muscle contraction
on glucose uptake during
exercise.
- insulin and muscle contraction stimulate glucose uptake from the
blood into skeletal muscle - insulin production is a response to high blood sugar/glucose levels ✔
3.insulin and muscle contractionstimulates glucose uptake from the blood into skeletal muscle
OR
insulin and muscle contraction improves cell membrane permeability to glucose ✔
- increased sensitivity leads to decreased insulin/glycogen production ✔
insulin:
made by the pancreas/beta cells ✔ - is released into the blood stream to affect many cells ✔
- is released when blood glucose levels are high ✔
- allows cells (muscle, liver, fat) to take up glucose / glycogenesis / lipogenesis✔
Annotate a diagram of
the ultrastructure of a
generalized animal cell
The diagram should show ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion and nucleus.
Annotate a diagram of
the ultrastructure of a
mitochondrion.
Cristae, inner matrix and outer smooth membrane.
Define the term cell
respiration.
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells
Explain how adenosine can
gain and lose a phosphate
molecule.
Energy is released when an ATP molecule is combined with water and ATPase. the process of phosphorylation - adding a phosphate group and dephosphorylation removing. from catabolism muscles have about 2 seconds of atp
Adenosine gains a phosphate through phosphorylation by enzymes like ATP synthase. It loses one through hydrolysis, releasing energy when the bond breaks (e.g., ATP to ADP).
Explain the role of ATP in
muscle contraction.
- the breakdown of ATP to adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) releasing a phosphate molecule, which provides energy for muscle contraction myosin heads use the breakdown of ATP to trigger the contraction process ✔ - the breakdown of ATP to ADP releases phosphate molecule ✔
- the release of a phosphate molecule provides the energy for muscle contraction ✔
- ATP reattaches to the myosin head and this causes the detachment of the crossbridge ready for the next phase if necessary ✔
- during sprinting the ATP will come from stores (2 seconds approximately) / fromthe ATP-PC system ✔
- depending on the length of the sprint the lactic acid process will provide sources ofATP ✔
