Topic 1

Question 1

Distinguish anatomically
between the axial and
appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

Axial skeleton: limit to the skull, ribs, sternum and
vertebral column consisting of cervical—7 bones;
thoracic—12 bones; lumbar—5 bones; sacral—5
bones (fused as 1); coccyx—4 bones (fused as 1).
Appendicular skeleton: limit to the pectoral girdle
(scapulae and clavicles), humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle
(ilium, ischium and pubis), femur, patella, tibia,
fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.

Question 2

Distinguish between the
axial and appendicular
skeleton in terms of function

Answer 2

Consider the anatomical functions

appendicular attachment, movement an
axial protection support.

Question 3

State the four types of bone

Answer 3

Limit to long, short, flat and irregular.

Question 4

Draw and annotate the
structure of a long bone

Answer 4

Limit to:
* epiphysis
* spongy bone
* articular cartilage
* diaphysis
* compact bone
* bone marrow
* marrow cavity
* blood vessel
* periosteum.

Question 5

Apply anatomical
terminology to the location
of bones.

Answer 5

Limit to:
* inferior
* superior
* proximal
* distal
* medial
* lateral
* posterior
* anterior.
Limit to the bones listed in the axial and
appendicular skeleton (see 1.1.1). Assume
anatomical position

Question 6

Outline the functions of
connective tissue

Answer 6

cartilage - reduce friction
ligament - join bone to bone
tendon - join muscle to bone

Question 7

Define the term joint.

Answer 7

A joint occurs where two or more bones articulate

Question 8

Distinguish between the
different types of joint
in relation to movement
permitted.

Answer 8

fibrous none eg. skull
cartilaginous some
synovial freely moveable

Question 9

Outline the features of a
synovial joint

Answer 9

• articular cartilage - Thin line of hyaline cartilage that allows joint movement and protects the joint from dislocation, reduces friction, absorbs shock and protects the bones
• synovial membrane - Lubricates the joint cavity which reduces friction
• synovial fluid - Liquid that coats and lubricates articular cartilage preventing
  friction
• bursae - fluid-filled sacs that prevent friction
• meniscus - Semilunar discs made out of fibrocartilage pads found between some articulating bones. Allow bones to fit together
  tightly and they provide cushioning for the joint
• ligaments - join bone add stability
• articular capsule - surrounds joint provide stability

Question 10

List the different types of
synovial joint.

Answer 10

hinge,
ball and socket,
condyloid,
pivot,
gliding
and saddle.

Question 11

Outline the general
characteristics common to
muscle tissue

Answer 11

• Contractility - ability of muscle to shorten
• Extensibility - ability of muscle to lengthen
• Elasticity - ability of muscle to return to normal size
• AtrophyThe wasting away of muscle tissue. If a muscles is injred, the muscles will get atrophy
• Hypertrophy
  Training the muscles can grow them
• All muscles are controlled by nerve stimuli - requires an impulse or recognition to initiate movement
• All muscles fed by capillaries -blood will be redistributed to muscles when they are working and require more oxygen

Question 12

Distinguish between the
different types of muscle

Answer 12

Skeletal
Include smooth, cardiac and skeletal
Under voluntary control, has a striated appearance, multi-nucleated fibres. Has tendons that attach mostly to bone. Main function of this type of muscle is to move the skeleton

• Cardiac-Also known as heart muscle as it is only in the heart. Also striated but under involuntary control. Contracts without you having to think about it. Action Potentials are branched and so act very quickly. Its fibers are longer than they are wide, and they are striated, like skeletal muscle fibers.
• Smooth-Lines the walls of blood vessels (Predominantly arteries) and hollow organs such as the stomach and intestines
  Smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, andlack striations.Also involuntary.

Question 13

Annotate the structure of
skeletal muscle

Answer 13

Muscle → Fascicle → Muscle Fibre → Myofibril → Sarcomere → Myofilaments (Actin and Myosin)

• epimysium - Outer layer which covers the entire layer
• perimysium - surrounds bundle of muscle fibres (essentially around fascicle
• endomysium - layer of fascia that surround the individual muscle fibres
  *Muscle fiber: Long cell in muscle, contains myofibrils.
  *Myofibril: Rod-like structure in muscle fiber, contains sarcomeres.
  *Sarcomere: Contractile unit, composed of actin and myosin.
  *Actin: Thin filament, interacts with myosin for contraction.
  *Myosin: Thick filament, generates contraction force with actin.

Question 14

Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles

Answer 14

Origin: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a
stationary bone.
Insertion: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a
moveable bone

Question 15

Identify the location of
skeletal muscles in various
regions of the body

Answer 15

Include the muscles from:
* the anterior
– deltoid
– pectoralis
– iliopsoas
– sartorius
– quadriceps
– femoris (rectus femoris, vastus
intermedialis, vastus medialis, vastus
lateralis)
– tibialis anterior
– abdominus rectus
– external obliques
– biceps brachii
* the posterior
– trapezius
– triceps brachii
– latissimus dorsi
– gluteus maximus
– hamstrings (biceps femoris,
semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
– gastrocnemius
– soleus
– erector spinae.