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Geography > Topic 2B - changing economic world > Flashcards

Topic 2B - changing economic world Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four different factors which can effect development and give an example of each

A
  • Enviromental → natural hazards
  • Economic → trade and dept
  • Social → acess to safe water and education
  • Political → stable government or civil war
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2
Q

what is GNI (growth national income)

A

the total amount of money earned by a nation’s people and businesses

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3
Q

what are the four main measures of development

A
  • Birth rate
  • Death rate
  • Infant mortality rate
  • Literacy rate
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4
Q

why is birth rate a reliable measure of development

A

as a country develops, women are more likely to become educated and will want a career instead of staying at home, so they marry later and have fewer children.

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5
Q

why is death rate a reliable measure of development

A

In more developed countries there tends to be older populations so a higher death rate than less developed countries as the population will be lower because there is a younger population

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6
Q

why is infant mortality rate a reliable measure of development

A

useful to measure a countries healthcare system

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7
Q

why is literacy rate a reliable measure of development

A

useful to measure a countries education system

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8
Q

how many stages in a population pyramid are there

A

5

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9
Q

what are the four physical causes of uneven development

A
  • Being a landlocked country
  • Lack of supplies (safe water)
  • Extreme weather (floods in tropical region)
  • Climate related diseases (mosquitos, maleria)
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10
Q

What is an economic causes of uneven development

A

Trade → most of the worlds trade is between richer countries

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11
Q

what is a historical cause of uneven development

A

Colonialism → Enslaved countries face challanges restructuring their economies and political systems

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12
Q

define immigrant

A

a person who moves into a country

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13
Q

define emigrant

A

a person who moves out of a country

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14
Q

define economic migrant

A

a person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life (due to better-paid job, better education, better healthcare)

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15
Q

define refugee

A

a person forced to move from their country of origin often as a result of civil war or a natural disaster

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16
Q

define displaced person

A

a person forced to move from their home but who stays in thier country of origin

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17
Q

what are the 3 strategies to reduce the development gap

A
  • Investment
  • Industrial development
  • Tourism
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18
Q

how can investment help reduce the development gap (4)

A

investments can involve
* Development of infastructure
* Construction of dams to provide electrivity
* Improvement of harbours and ports
* Development of new industries

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19
Q

how can industrial development cause a chain reaction which helps reduce the development gap

A

can bring employment → higher income → better quality of life → more tax → money can be reinvested into the country → new opportynities →

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20
Q

how can tourism help to reduce the development gap

A

toursist can generate lots of income
* Buying souveniers from shops
* Hotels for them to stay need staff

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21
Q

what are the four different things given as aid

A
  • Money → grants/loans
  • Emergency supplies → tents, medicines, water
  • Food → rice/heat, tools
  • Skills → doctors, engineers
22
Q

what are the six different types of aid

A
  • Short-term
  • Long-term
  • Tied
  • Voluntary
  • Multilateral
  • Bilateral
23
Q

what is short-term aid

A

emergency help usually in response to a natural distaster

24
Q

what is long-term aid

A

sustainable aid that seeks to improve resilience

25
Q

what is tied aid

A

aid that may be given with certain conditions e.g. the recipient has to spend the aid money on the donor country’s products

26
Q

what is voluntary aid

A

money donated by general public in richer countries distributed through charities

27
Q

what is multilateral aid

A

richer governments give money to an international organisation such as the World Bank, which then redistributes the money as aid to poorer countries

28
Q

what is bilateral aid

A

aid from one country to another which is often tied

29
Q

why is Goat Aid oxfam good

A
  • Goats are excelent food source
  • Manure can be crop feriliser
  • Milk can be sold as a source of income
  • Goats can be bread easily
  • Care of the goat builds community spirit
30
Q

what is intermediate technology

A

technology which is sustainable and appropriate for locals to use which must not put people out of work

31
Q

what are the 5 main benefits to fairtrade

A
  • Farmer gets all the profit from the sale of the crop
  • It guarantees the farmer a fair price
  • Part of the price is invested in local community to develop projects
  • In return the farmer must agree to farm in an enviromentally friendly way
  • The product gains a stronger position in the global marker
32
Q

what are the 3 things a country needs to qualify for dept relief

A
  • demonstrate they could manage their own finances
  • show there is no corruption within their government
  • agree to spend the saved dept money on education, healthcare and reducing poverty
33
Q

what problems can dept relief lead to (2)

A
  • Countries may get into further dept expecting that it will also be written off
  • Corrupt governments may keep the money rather than use it to help the poor
34
Q

what is microfinance

A

small scale financial support (loans), which comes straight from banks to the poor

35
Q

how can microfinance help reduce the development gap

A

it can help families start up small businesses and allow for them to be self efficient

36
Q

where is Nigeria geographically

A
  • West Africa
  • Borders → Benin, Niger, Chad, Cameroon
37
Q

how is Nigeria globally important (2)

A
  • Supplies 2.2% of the world’s oil (15th)
  • Major contributor to UN peacekeeping missions
38
Q

how is Nigeria regionally important (2)

A
  • highest GDP in Africa
  • Largest population in Africa
39
Q

social aspects to Nigeria (2)

A
  • Multiethnic
  • Multifaith
40
Q

cultural aspects to Nigeria (3)

A
  • Nollywood
  • Nigerian music
  • Nigeria football team
41
Q

negative
environmental aspects to Nigeria (2)

A
  • Deforistation of rainforests
  • Oil spillage can cause forest fires and contaminate water bodies
42
Q

where does Nigeria’s source of income come from (2)

A
  • Oil
  • Agriculture → cocoa, palm oil, cotton
43
Q

why is Nigeria’s economy developing (4)

A
  • Rapid advances in technology
  • Greater concern for the enviroment
  • More people speak english → potential growth in telecommunications
  • Increased use of telecommunications
44
Q

how is manufacturing affecting economic development (3)

A
  • Regular paid workers give more security for people
  • Stimulates economic growth
  • More tax is taken from the company and workers which can be put back into the country
45
Q

what is a transnational corporation (TNC)

A

a large company which operates in several countries

46
Q

why do transnational corporations (TNC) locate in foreign countries (4)

A
  • Cheaper labour
  • Tax incentives
  • Laxer enviromental laws
  • Access to wider market
47
Q

what are the advantages to TNCs in Nigeria (4)

A
  • Employment for locals
  • Good for economy
  • Company may invest in local infrastructure
  • Valuable export revenues are earned
48
Q

what are the disadvantages to TNCs in Nigeria (4)

A
  • Poor pay for locals
  • Poor working conditions
  • High paying jobs often go to forign employees
  • Much of the profits earnt goes abroad
49
Q

advantages of Shell TNC working in Nigeria (3)

A
  • Provides employment
  • Around 50,000 USD is spent on healthcare for locals benefiting 250,000 people
  • Shell provides 3000 scholarships to secondary schools and unis
50
Q

disadvantages of Shell TNC working in Nigeria (3)

A
  • Oil spills cause water polution
  • Oil theft
  • Most crude oil exported is refined in the USA or Europe so most of the profits dont go to NIgeria

Geography (4 decks)

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