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Geography > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Commercial Farming

A

growing crops or raising livestock, largely for sale to others

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2
Q

What is subsistence farming

A

farming in which only enough food to feed one’s family is produced

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3
Q

What is an Aquifer

A

an underground water reservoir

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4
Q

What is accessibility

A

how easy it is to enter and exit a certain place

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5
Q

What is desertification

A

The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation or inappropriate agriculture

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6
Q

What is Overgrazing

A

destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plant in a particular area so they cannot recover

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7
Q

What is overcultivation

A

Cultivation which, given environmental resources, is not sustainable in the long term and is evidenced by declining yields, soil exhaustion and soil erosion.

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8
Q

Drought

A

a long period of dry weather

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9
Q

describe what being ecologicallyfragile means

A

Areas where even the slightest change in temperature can have devastating effects

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10
Q

Where is the Thar desert

A

It stretches across north-west India and into Pakistan

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11
Q

Types of enery which can be created in the Thar desert

A
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Wind
  • Solar
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12
Q

What are the main challanges for development in the Thar desert

A
  • Extreme temperatures
  • Water supply
  • Inaccessibility
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13
Q

Why are there water shortages

A

There is a high demand for it as the farming industry has developed. The desert has low annual rainfall and high temperatures with strong winds, which cause high rates of evaporation

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14
Q

What are the challanges that come with extreme temperatures

A
  • Health challanges for people working outside (farmers, mine workers, tour guides)
  • Tourism is limited and is only in the coolest months
  • Low rainfall and high rates of evaporation
  • Dehydration of animals and plants
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15
Q

What are the water sources of the Thar desert

A
  • Most drinking water for is stored in ponds
  • The Indira Gandhi Canal
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16
Q

What is the Indira Gandhi Canal

A

Longest canal in India. It is the main source of irrigation in the Thar dessert. It has transformed the desert and has turned a lot of the sand into productive farmland

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17
Q

Why is the Thar dessert inaccessible

A
  • Extreme weather
  • Very limited road network
    The high temperatures cause for the tarmac to melt and strong winds often blow sand over roads
  • Only accessible by camel
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18
Q

What are the two main factors which effect the development of coastal erosion landforms

A
  • Geological structure
  • Rock type
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19
Q

How are headlands and bays formed

A

They form when rocks of different strength are exposed. The weaker bands of clay will erode more rapidly than neighbouring bands of more resistant materials such as sanstone and limestone. Over time the eroded clay form bays, where sediment is deposited to form beaches. The more resitant rocks stick out into the sea to form headlands

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20
Q

How are Cliffs and wave-cut notches created

A

When waves break against a cliff, it will slowly wear away the cliff to form a wave-cut notch. Over a LONG period of time it will get deeper and deeper till the overlying cliff can no longer support its own weight and it collapses

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21
Q

How are wave-cut platforms created

A

After a wave-cut notch colapses, the cliff will gradually retreat and in its place will be a gently sloping rocky platform called a wave-cut platform.

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22
Q

What is Hydraulic Power

A

The power of the waves smashing into a cliff. This traps air into holes and causes cracks in the rock eventually breaking them apart

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23
Q

What is Abrasion

A

when small rocks are carried by the sea and thrown at a cliff causing them to wear away in a sandpapering effect

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24
Q

What is Attrition

A

when rock fragments carried by the sea knock against one another causing them to get smaller and more rounded and eventually into pebbles

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25
Q

How are caves created

A

Lines of weakness such as cracks in a cliff are erroded by hydraulic action and abrasion to form a cave

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26
Q

How is an arch formed

A

Over time erosion may lead to two back-to-back caves to break through and create an arch

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27
Q

How is a stack created

A

Gradually an arc is enlarged by erossion to the point where it collapses to form a pillar called a stack

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28
Q

What is freeze-thaw

A

When water gets trapped in a rock and freezes causing for the rock to crack/break as the water has expanded

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29
Q

How is a stump created

A

A stack is erroded and collapses which leaves a stump

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30
Q

What is a beach

A

A deposit of sand and shingle (pebbles) at the coast

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31
Q

How are sand dunes created

A

Sand deposited on the beach has been blown inland by onshore winds to form dunes

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32
Q

Explain the development of sand dunes

A
  1. Embryo dunes form around deposited ostacles such as peices of wood or rocks
  2. These develop and become stabilsed by vegetation to form fore dunes and tall yellow dunes
  3. Over time, rotting vegetation adds organic matter to the sand, making it more fertile meaning more planrs colonise these dunes
  4. Wind can form depressions in the sand called dune slacks, in which ponds may form
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33
Q

What is a Spit

A

A long narrow finger of sand or shingle jutting out into the sea from the land

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34
Q

How are spits formed

A

They are formed when there is significant longshore drift.
1. Sediment is deposited out to sea
2. As it builds up it starts to form an extension of the land
3. This process continues and the spit gradually grows further out into the sea
4. Strong winds or tidal currents can cause the end of the spit to become curved to form a featured called a recurved end
5. There may be many recurved ends marking previous positions of the spit

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35
Q

What is a bar

A

A bar when a spit grows right across a bay trapping a freshwater lake or lagoon behind it

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36
Q

What does the Lyme Regis Enviromental Improvement Scheme do?

A

It provides for long term protection, reducing landslips

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37
Q

What are the phases to the Lyme Regis Enviromental Improvement Scheme

A

Phase 1 → Emergecy stabilisation of cliffs
- £1.4 million
- Installing large nails to hold the cliff together
- Improve drainage

Phase 2 → Improvement to seat front
- £22 million
- New sea walls
- Creation of sand & shingle beach
- Shingle from English channel, sand from France

Phase 3 → wasn’t undertaken

Phase 4 → more phase 2
- £19.5 million
- New seawall infront of existing sea wall for extra protection
- Nailing, piling, drainage, stabilising the cliff for homes.

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38
Q

3 positive outcomes to the Lyme Regis Envorimental Improvement Scheme

A
  • New beaches → increasing tourism
  • New defences → work better against harsh weather
  • Harbour → better protected for fishermen
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39
Q

Negative outcomes to the Lyme Regis Enviromental Improvement Scheme

A
  • New defences spoilt landscape
  • Stabilising cliffs prevents landslips which could reveal important fossils
  • Higher congestion due to more tourism could lead to conflict with locals
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40
Q

What types of engineering were used in the Lyme Regis Enviromental Improvement Scheme

A

soft & hard

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41
Q

How does a river flood occur

A

River floods usually occur after a long period of rainfall often during the winter. The volume of the water steadily increases causing river levels to rise. Eventually going over it’s banks and causing a flood

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42
Q

How do flash floods occur

A

Sundown floods which occur after torrential storms

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43
Q

What are physical factors of flooding

A
  1. Precipitation
  2. Geology (type of rock)
  3. Steep slopes
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44
Q

What are the Human factors to floods

A
  1. Urbanisation (building on floodplains)
  2. Deforestation
  3. Agriculture
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45
Q

What are soft engineering methods of flood management

A
  1. Floodplains
  2. River restoration
  3. Wetlands
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46
Q

What is floodplain zoning

A

It is when different areas of the floodplain are restricted as the areas closer to the river will have a much higher risk of flooding

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47
Q

What is river restoration

A

When the course of a river is artificially changed, slowing down the river flow

48
Q

Where is the River Tees

A

North-East England, Flows from Pennine hills to Middlesbrough

49
Q

What is the waterfall in the River Tees like

A
  • High force
  • 20m drop into gorge
  • Formed due to igneous rock (cooled lava)
50
Q

How can people prepare for floods

A
  1. Flood Watch
  2. Flood Warning
  3. Sever Flood Warning
  4. Planning what to do if there’s a flood
  5. Floodgates
  6. Sandbags
51
Q

What is hard engineering

A

Hard engineering uses man made structures to prevent or control natural processes from taking place. The costs have to outweigh the benefits

52
Q

What are the functions to dams and reservoirs

A
  • Flood prevention
  • Irrigation
  • Water supply
  • Hydro-electric power generator
  • Recreation
53
Q

What is a flood reflief channel

A

Cutting through a river’s meanders to create a straight channel. This increases the flow of the river so whilst it may protect a vulnerable of flooding place it could cause more flooding issues dither downstream

54
Q

What are embankments

A

It is a structure that raises the level of the river so the channel can contain more water

55
Q

Where is Banbury

A

50km away from Oxford

56
Q

What happened in Banbury(3)

A
  • 1998 → Flood causing £12.5 million in damages
  • 2007 → Flood effecting housing and businesses
  • 2012 → Flood defences are complete
57
Q

What flood prevention were put in Banbury

A
  • 2.9km earth embankment parallel to M40, max height of 4.5m
  • Flood storage area
  • Raising A361 road
  • Improvements to drainage
  • New pumping statuion to transfer excess rainwater
58
Q

Social aspects to the Banbury flood preventions (3)

A
  • Raising the A361 during the flood avoided distruption to peoples lives
  • Quality of life for locals improves
  • Reduces levels of anxiety and depression due to fear of flooding
59
Q

Economic aspects to the Banbury flood preventions

A
  • Costs £18.5 million
  • Partially funded by Enviroment agency and Distric council
  • Protecting housing and businesses
60
Q

What can cause change in ecosystems

A
  • Climate change (Global)
  • Changes to habitat such as a hedge being removed (Local)
61
Q

What are the components to an ecosystem

A

Abiotic → water, soil pH, land availability
Biotic → Flora, Fauna

62
Q

What is Flora

A

plant life occuring in a perticular region or time

63
Q

What is Fauna

A

Animal life occuring in any perticular region or time

64
Q

What is the Tropical Rainforest biome like

A
  • Very high rainfall (2000m per year)
  • Greatest range of animal species (fauna)
  • Tall trees forming the canopy layer
  • Wide variety of plants
  • High temperatures all year around (25-30)
  • Located along the equator
65
Q

What is the soil like in a Rainforest

A

Soil is very infertile due to rain washing out nutrients however the top layer of soil is increadibly fertile from decomposing plants

66
Q

How do plants adapt in the rainforrest

A
  • Buttress roots → go wide and deeo to absorb more nutrients
  • Waxy coating → rain resitant
  • Pointed leaf tips → allows for the rain to funnel off
  • Climbing vines → reach high points for sunlight
67
Q

Why are Rainforests valued

A
  • Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere
  • Medicine → over 7000 drugs have been produced from ingredients from the rain forests
  • Source of food (Avacados, Cashews, Citrus, Chocolate)
68
Q

What are the sustainable managments strategies for the deforestation in Rainforests

A
  • Replanting of trees
  • Selective logging (certain species or age of tree)
  • Ecotourism (treehouse hotels)
69
Q

Where is the Malaysian Rainforest located

A

Sout-east Asia

70
Q

Causes of deforestation in Malaysia

A
  • Economic development
  • Jobs
  • Country development
71
Q

Effects of deforestation in Malaysia

A
  • Loss of biodiversity → plants & animals
  • Loss of tourism
  • Climate change
72
Q

How is the Malaysian rainforest sustainably managed

A

It is legaly protected and there are maintained areas

73
Q

What is the upper, middle and lower course of a hill

A

Upper → Steep gradient and source
Middle → Gentle gradient
Lower → Very gentle gradient and mouth

74
Q

What is Solution

A

when something such as limestome or sandstone slowly dissolves away

75
Q

What are the 4 types of transportation

A
  • Traction
  • Saltation
  • Suspension
  • Solution
76
Q

Suspension

A

When small rocks and sedement are suspended in the water

77
Q

What is Saltation

A

Saltation is when smaller rocks are not small enough to be suspended so they bounce like shaking salt on a table

78
Q

What is Traction

A

When large heavy rocks roll on the seabed like tracktors

79
Q

How is an Ox-bow Lake formed

A
  1. The neck of the meander is gradually erroded
  2. Water now takes the shortest route
  3. Meander is cut off by deposition forming an ox-bow lake
80
Q

Describe the distribution of deserts

A

30° North of South from the equator NOT close to coasts

81
Q

What is a hedgerow

A

Man made structures that are ecosystems

82
Q

Enviromental benefits to making hedgerows

A
  • Reservoir of biodiversity
  • Takes carbon out of the atmosphere
83
Q

Farming benefits to hendegrows

A
  • Home to pollinating insects, allowing for a higher crop yield
  • Pest control as they attract birds and insects which control crop infesting bugs
  • Way for farming to co-exist with nature
84
Q

Why did the river ‘‘Y’’ turn green

A

Pollution from intensive farming → Lack of diversity → build up of algae → ferteliser flows into river after rainfall → algea grows further → algea blocks off sunlight to other plants → algea takes over the river killing off other life

85
Q

Define ‘‘eutrophication’’

A

occurs when the enviroment becomes enriched with nutriets, increasing plant and algae growth

86
Q

Where is Swanage

A

Seaside town in Dorset, south coast

87
Q

Why is Swanage used as a case study

A
  • Clay + Sands (soft) inebetween limestone (hard)
  • Has headlands + bays
88
Q

Where do earthquakes often occur

A

on plate boundaries

89
Q

Where do volcanoes often form

A

on plate boundaries

90
Q

Why do plate bounadries pull apart

A

due to convection currents of the magma

91
Q

What happens to the plates at a constructive plate boundary

A

two plates are moving apart

92
Q

What happens to the plates at a destructive plate boundary

A

a ocenic plate and continental plate are moving together

93
Q

What happens to the plates at a collision plate boundary

A

two continental plates are moving together

94
Q

What happens to the plates at a conservative plate boundary

A

two plates slide alongside eachother

95
Q

On which plate boundary does a shield volcano form

A

constructive

96
Q

On what plate boundary does a composite volcano form

A

destrucive

97
Q

Describe a shield volcano

A

They are usually flat and not very destructive

98
Q

Describe a composite volcano

A

Often very destructive and have a cone like structure

99
Q

When was the Japan earthquake

A

March 2011

100
Q

How many people died in the Japan earthquake from the earthquake alone

A

1,000

101
Q

What caused the Japan earthquake

A

Slippage of 2 destructive plates

102
Q

What was the magnitude of the Japanease earthquake

A

9.0

103
Q

Primary effects to the Japan earthquake

A
  • Violent ground shaking
  • Ground shaking destroying homes
  • Roads and railway systems were destroyed
  • 4 million people were left with no electricity and 1.5 with no water
104
Q

Secondary effects to the Japan earthquake

A
  • 10m tall tsunami, causing most of the 18,00 deaths
  • Wave destroyed ports
  • 560km2 of land was flooded
  • The Fakushima nucleur power reactor exploded
105
Q

Immediate response to the Japan earthquake

A
  • Large search and rescue teams were sent out
  • 500,000 people were evacuated to higher ground to avoid tsunami
  • Warnings were sent out
  • Power supplies restored
106
Q

Long-term response to the Japan earthquake

A
  • Reconstruction design council formed a long-term plan
  • In 2013 an upgraded Tsunami warning system was launched
  • By early 2015 all debris had been removed
107
Q

When was the Nepal earthquake

A

April 2015

108
Q

What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake

A

7.9

109
Q

What type of plate margin was the Nepal earthquake on

A

Destructive

110
Q

How many people died in the Nepal earthquake

A

9,000

111
Q

Primary effects to the Nepal earthquake

A
  • Violent ground shaking
  • 3 milllion left homeless
  • Electricity and water cut off
  • 7000 schools destroyed
  • Airports became congested when the aid arrived
  • 50% of shops destroyed, effecting food supplies
112
Q

Secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake

A
  • Ground shaking triggered landslides
  • Avalanche in mount Everest
  • Avalanche in the Langtang region
  • Landslide blocked the river Kali Gandaki, leading to a heavy flood
113
Q

Immediate response to the Nepal earthquake

A
  • International search and rescue teams
  • Aid
  • Helicopters rescued people
114
Q

Long-term reponse in the Nepal earthquake

A
  • New National disaster risk reducer
  • By the end of 2015, most roads had been restored
  • The Nepal Earthquake housing Reconstruction project was funded
115
Q
A
115
Q
A

Geography (4 decks)

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