P1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What is Commercial Farming
A
growing crops or raising livestock, largely for sale to others
2
Q
What is subsistence farming
A
farming in which only enough food to feed one’s family is produced
3
Q
What is an Aquifer
A
an underground water reservoir
4
Q
What is accessibility
A
how easy it is to enter and exit a certain place
5
Q
What is desertification
A
The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation or inappropriate agriculture
6
Q
What is Overgrazing
A
Land becoming unsuitable as a result of animals eating too many plants in one area
7
Q
What is overcultivation
A
Cultivation which, given environmental resources, is not sustainable in the long term and is evidenced by declining yields, soil exhaustion and soil erosion.
8
Q
Drought
A
a long period of dry weather
9
Q
describe what being ecologicallyfragile means
A
Areas where even the slightest change in temperature can have devastating effects
10
Q
Where is the Thar desert
A
It stretches across north-west India and into Pakistan
11
Q
Types of enery which can be created in the Thar desert
A
- Coal
- Oil
- Wind
- Solar
12
Q
What are the main challanges for development in the Thar desert
A
- Extreme temperatures
- Water supply
- Inaccessibility
13
Q
Why are there water shortages in the Thar desert (3)
A
- There is a high demand for it as the farming industry has developed.
- The desert has low annual rainfall a
- High temperatures with strong winds, which cause high rates of evaporation
14
Q
What are the challanges that come with extreme temperatures
A
- Health challanges for people working outside (farmers, mine workers, tour guides)
- Tourism is limited and is only in the coolest months
- Low rainfall and high rates of evaporation
- Dehydration of animals and plants
15
Q
What are the water sources of the Thar desert
A
- Most drinking water for is stored in ponds
- The Indira Gandhi Canal
16
Q
What is the Indira Gandhi Canal
A
Longest canal in India. It is the main source of irrigation in the Thar dessert. It has transformed the desert and has turned a lot of the sand into productive farmland
17
Q
Why is the Thar dessert inaccessible
A
- Extreme weather
- Very limited road network
The high temperatures cause for the tarmac to melt and strong winds often blow sand over roads - Only accessible by camel
18
Q
What are the two main factors which effect the development of coastal erosion landforms
A
- Geological structure
- Rock type
19
Q
How are headlands and bays formed
A
They form when rocks of different strength are exposed. The weaker bands of clay will erode more rapidly than neighbouring bands of more resistant materials such as sanstone and limestone. Over time the eroded clay form bays, where sediment is deposited to form beaches. The more resitant rocks stick out into the sea to form headlands
20
Q
How are Cliffs and wave-cut notches created
A
When waves break against a cliff, it will slowly wear away the cliff to form a wave-cut notch. Over a LONG period of time it will get deeper and deeper till the overlying cliff can no longer support its own weight and it collapses
21
Q
How are wave-cut platforms created
A
After a wave-cut notch colapses, the cliff will gradually retreat and in its place will be a gently sloping rocky platform called a wave-cut platform.
22
Q
What is Hydraulic Power
A
The power of the waves smashing into a cliff. This traps air into holes and causes cracks in the rock eventually breaking them apart
23
Q
What is Abrasion
A
when small rocks are carried by the sea and thrown at a cliff causing them to wear away in a sandpapering effect
24
Q
What is Attrition
A
when rock fragments carried by the sea knock against one another causing them to get smaller and more rounded and eventually into pebbles
25
How are caves created
Lines of weakness such as cracks in a cliff are erroded by hydraulic action and abrasion to form a cave
26
How is an arch formed
Over time erosion may lead to two back-to-back caves to break through and create an arch
27
How is a stack created
Gradually an arc is enlarged by erossion to the point where it collapses to form a pillar called a stack
28
What is freeze-thaw
When water gets trapped in a rock and freezes causing for the rock to crack/break as the water has expanded
29
How is a stump created
A stack is erroded and collapses which leaves a stump
30
What is a beach
A deposit of sand and shingle (pebbles) at the coast
31
How are sand dunes created
Sand deposited on the beach has been blown inland by onshore winds to form dunes
32
Explain the development of sand dunes
1. Embryo dunes form around deposited ostacles such as peices of wood or rocks
2. These develop and become stabilsed by vegetation to form fore dunes and tall yellow dunes
3. Over time, rotting vegetation adds organic matter to the sand, making it more fertile meaning more planrs colonise these dunes
4. Wind can form depressions in the sand called dune slacks, in which ponds may form
33
What is a Spit
A long narrow finger of sand or shingle jutting out into the sea from the land
34
How are spits formed
They are formed when there is significant longshore drift.
1. Sediment is deposited out to sea
2. As it builds up it starts to form an extension of the land
3. This process continues and the spit gradually grows further out into the sea
4. Strong winds or tidal currents can cause the end of the spit to become curved to form a featured called a recurved end
5. There may be many recurved ends marking previous positions of the spit
35
What is a bar
A bar when a spit grows right across a bay trapping a freshwater lake or lagoon behind it
36
What does the **Lyme Regis Enviromental Improvement Scheme** do?
It provides for long term protection, reducing landslips
37
What are the phases to the **Lyme Regis Enviromental Improvement Scheme**
**Phase 1** → Emergecy stabilisation of cliffs
- £1.4 million
- Installing large nails to hold the cliff together
- Improve drainage
**Phase 2** → Improvement to seat front
- £22 million
- New sea walls
- Creation of sand & shingle beach
- Shingle from English channel, sand from France
**Phase 3** → wasn't undertaken
**Phase 4** → more phase 2
- £19.5 million
- New seawall infront of existing sea wall for extra protection
- Nailing, piling, drainage, stabilising the cliff for homes.
38
3 positive outcomes to the **Lyme Regis Envorimental Improvement Scheme**
- New beaches → increasing tourism
- New defences → work better against harsh weather
- Harbour → better protected for fishermen
39
Negative outcomes to the **Lyme Regis Enviromental Improvement Scheme**
- New defences spoilt landscape
- Stabilising cliffs prevents landslips which could reveal important fossils
- Higher congestion due to more tourism could lead to conflict with locals
40
What types of engineering were used in the **Lyme Regis Enviromental Improvement Scheme**
soft & hard
41
How does a river flood occur
River floods usually occur after a long period of rainfall often during the winter. The volume of the water steadily increases causing river levels to rise. Eventually going over it’s banks and causing a flood
42
How do flash floods occur
Sundown floods which occur after torrential storms
43
What are physical factors of flooding
1. Precipitation
2. Geology (type of rock)
3. Steep slopes
44
What are the Human factors to floods
1. Urbanisation (building on floodplains)
2. Deforestation
3. Agriculture
45
What are soft engineering methods of flood management
1. Floodplains
2. River restoration
3. Wetlands
46
What is floodplain zoning
It is when different areas of the floodplain are restricted as the areas closer to the river will have a much higher risk of flooding
47
What is river restoration
When the course of a river is artificially changed, slowing down the river flow
48
Where is the **River Tees**
North-East England
49
What is the waterfall in the **River Tees** like
* High force
* 20m drop into gorge
* Formed due to igneous rock (cooled lava)
50
How can people prepare for floods
1. Flood Watch
2. Flood Warning
3. Sever Flood Warning
4. Planning what to do if there’s a flood
5. Floodgates
6. Sandbags
51
What is hard engineering
Hard engineering uses man made structures to prevent or control natural processes from taking place. The costs have to outweigh the benefits
52
What are the functions to dams and reservoirs
* Flood prevention
* Irrigation
* Water supply
* Hydro-electric power generator
* Recreation
53
What is a flood reflief channel
Cutting through a river’s meanders to create a straight channel. This increases the flow of the river so whilst it may protect a vulnerable of flooding place it could cause more flooding issues dither downstream
54
What are embankments
It is a structure that raises the level of the river so the channel can contain more water
55
Where is **Banbury**
50km away from Oxford
56
What happened in **Banbury** (2)
* 2007 → Flood effecting housing and businesses
* 2012 → Flood defences are complete
57
What flood prevention were put in **Banbury** (5)
* Embankment parallel to roads
* Flood storage area
* Raising roads
* Improvements to drainage
* New pumping statuion to transfer excess rainwater
58
Social aspects to the **Banbury** flood preventions (3)
* Raising the roads during the flood avoided distruption to peoples lives
* Quality of life for locals improves
* Reduces levels of anxiety and depression due to fear of flooding
59
Economic aspects to the **Banbury** flood preventions (3)
- Costs £18.5 million
- Partially funded by council
- Protecting housing and businesses
60
What can cause change in ecosystems
* Climate change (Global)
* Changes to habitat such as a hedge being removed (Local)
61
What are the components to an ecosystem
Abiotic → water, soil pH, land availability
Biotic → Flora, Fauna
62
What is Flora
plant life occuring in a **perticular** region or time
63
What is Fauna
Animal life occuring in **any** perticular region or time
64
What is the Tropical Rainforest biome like
* Very high rainfall (2000m per year)
* Greatest range of animal species (fauna)
* Tall trees forming the canopy layer
* Wide variety of plants
* High temperatures all year around (25-30)
* Located along the equator
65
What is the soil like in a Rainforest
Soil is very infertile due to rain washing out nutrients however the top layer of soil is increadibly fertile from decomposing plants
66
How do plants adapt in the rainforrest
* Buttress roots → go wide and deeo to absorb more nutrients
* Waxy coating → rain resitant
* Pointed leaf tips → allows for the rain to funnel off
* Climbing vines → reach high points for sunlight
67
Why are Rainforests valued
* Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere
* Medicine → over 7000 drugs have been produced from ingredients from the rain forests
* Source of food (Avacados, Cashews, Citrus, Chocolate)
68
What are the sustainable managments strategies for the deforestation in Rainforests (3)
* Replanting of trees
* Selective logging (certain species or age of tree)
* Ecotourism (treehouse hotels)
69
Where is the Malaysian Rainforest located
Sout-east Asia
70
Causes of deforestation in Malaysia
- Economic development
- Jobs
- Country development
71
Effects of deforestation on Malaysia
* Loss of biodiversity → plants & animals
* Loss of tourism
* Climate change
72
How is the Malaysian rainforest sustainably managed
It is legaly protected and there are maintained areas
73
What is the upper, middle and lower course of a hill
Upper → Steep gradient and source
Middle → Gentle gradient
Lower → Very gentle gradient and mouth
74
What is Solution
when something such as limestome or sandstone slowly dissolves away
75
What are the 4 types of transportation
* Traction
* Saltation
* Suspension
* Solution
76
Suspension
When small rocks and sedement are suspended in the water
77
What is Saltation
Saltation is when smaller rocks are not small enough to be suspended so they bounce like shaking salt on a table
78
What is Traction
When large heavy rocks roll on the seabed like tracktors
79
How is an Ox-bow Lake formed
1. The neck of the meander is gradually erroded
2. Water now takes the shortest route
3. Meander is cut off by deposition forming an ox-bow lake
80
Describe the distribution of deserts
30° North of South from the equator NOT close to coasts
81
What is a hedgerow
Man made structures that are ecosystems
82
Enviromental benefits to making hedgerows (2)
* Reservoir of biodiversity
* Takes carbon out of the atmosphere
83
Farming benefits to hendegrows
* Home to pollinating insects, allowing for a higher crop yield
* Pest control as they attract birds and insects which control crop infesting bugs
* Way for farming to co-exist with nature
84
Why did the river ''Y'' turn green
Pollution from intensive farming → Lack of diversity → build up of algae → ferteliser flows into river after rainfall → algea grows further → algea blocks off sunlight to other plants → algea takes over the river killing off other life
85
Define ''eutrophication''
occurs when the enviroment becomes enriched with nutriets, increasing plant and algae growth
86
Where is Swanage
Seaside town in Dorset, south coast
87
Why is Swanage used as a case study
- Clay + Sands (soft) inebetween limestone (hard)
- Has headlands + bays
88
Where do earthquakes often occur
on plate boundaries
89
Where do volcanoes often form
on plate boundaries
90
Why do plate bounadries pull apart
due to convection currents of the magma
91
What happens to the plates at a **constructive** plate boundary
two plates are moving apart
92
What happens to the plates at a **destructive** plate boundary
a ocenic plate and continental plate are moving together
93
What happens to the plates at a **collision** plate boundary
two continental plates are moving together
94
What happens to the plates at a **conservative** plate boundary
two plates slide alongside eachother
95
On which plate boundary does a **shield** volcano form
constructive
96
On what plate boundary does a **composite** volcano form
destrucive
97
Describe a **shield** volcano
They are usually flat and not very destructive
98
Describe a **composite** volcano
Often very destructive and have a cone like structure
99
When was the **Japan** earthquake
March 2011
100
How many people died in the **Japan** earthquake from the earthquake alone
1,000
101
What caused the **Japan** earthquake
Slippage of 2 destructive plates
102
What was the magnitude of the **Japanease** earthquake
9.0
103
**Primary** effects to the **Japan** earthquake
* Violent ground shaking
* Ground shaking destroying homes
* Roads and railway systems were destroyed
* 4 million people were left with no electricity and 1.5 with no water
104
**Secondary** effects to the **Japan** earthquake
* 10m tall tsunami, causing most of the 18,00 deaths
* Wave destroyed ports
* 560km2 of land was flooded
* The **Fakushima** nucleur power reactor exploded
105
**Immediate** response to the **Japan** earthquake
* Large search and rescue teams were sent out
* 500,000 people were evacuated to higher ground to avoid tsunami
* Warnings were sent out
* Power supplies restored
106
**Long-term** response to the **Japan** earthquake
* *Reconstruction design council* formed a long-term plan
* In 2013 an upgraded Tsunami warning system was launched
* By early 2015 all debris had been removed
107
When was the **Nepal** earthquake
April 2015
108
What was the magnitude of the **Nepal** earthquake
7.9
109
What type of plate margin was the **Nepal** earthquake on
Destructive
110
How many people died in the **Nepal** earthquake
9,000
111
**Primary** effects to the **Nepal** earthquake
* Violent ground shaking
* 3 milllion left homeless
* Electricity and water cut off
* 7000 schools destroyed
* Airports became congested when the aid arrived
* 50% of shops destroyed, effecting food supplies
112
**Secondary effects** of the **Nepal** earthquake
* Ground shaking triggered landslides
* Avalanche in mount Everest
* Landslide blocked the river,leading to a heavy flood
113
**Immediate response** to the **Nepal** earthquake
* International search and rescue teams
* Aid
* Helicopters rescued people
114
**Long-term** reponse in the **Nepal** earthquake
* New *National disaster risk reducer*
* By the end of 2015, most roads had been restored
* The *Nepal Earthquake housing Reconstruction project* was funded
