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Geography > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Rio de Janeiro

A

Eastern Brazil

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2
Q

Why has Rio grown (3)

A
  • International migration
  • Internal migraion
  • Natural increase
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3
Q

What is Rio’s access to healthcare like (2)

A
  • Free healthcare
  • 3 public, 6 private hospitals
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4
Q

What is Education like in Rio (2)

A
  • Good compared to rural areas of Brazil
  • Poor education in favelas
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5
Q

What is Rio’s energy like (3)

A
  • 99% have direct access to electricity
  • Two nuclear reactors
  • community energy programe has fitted over 150 solar panels in slums
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6
Q

What are some economic opportunities for growth in Rio (6)

A
  • Service and retail
  • Port
  • Large labour supply from large population
  • Existing industries can support triggering the multiplyer effect
  • Oil
  • Tourism
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7
Q

How have industrial areas stimulated economic development (2)

A

Ternium steelworks
* Brazilian government benefit from tax
* Local people secure employment

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8
Q

What is a squatter settlement

A

the unplanned uses of land by homeless people

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9
Q

What is a favela

A

Self-built housing on public or private land which lacks infostructure

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10
Q

What are the challenges of living in favelas

A
  • Construction
  • Unemploymeny
  • Services
  • Crime
  • Health
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11
Q

How is demand for food in the UK changing (3)

A
  • Increase in demand for exotic high-value foods from abroad
  • Demand for out of season fruits and plants to be avaliable all year around
  • Demand for organic alternatives
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12
Q

Why is most produce transported by air

A

it is perishable

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13
Q

How does River Food organic farm help (4)

A
  • Reduces food miles
  • Supports local farmers
  • Provides local employment
  • Builds a strong link between grower and consumer
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14
Q

How does increase in food demand effect the UK’s carbon footprint (2)

A

increases it due to
* food miles when importing
* Cattle farming

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15
Q

What is agribusiness

A

large commercial farms with high levels of investment. They often use modern or specialised technology

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16
Q

How is the demand for water changing in the UK (5)

A
  • Population increase, especially in the south-east of England
  • Greater use of domestic appliences, such as washing machines
  • Increasing demand for irrigation, both in fields and greenhouses
  • Increasing use for leasure, such as watering golf courses
  • Rapid growth of house building
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17
Q

What are the main sources of water in the UK (3)

A
  • Rivers
  • Reservoirs
  • Groundwater aquifiers
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18
Q

What is a water deficit

A

when water demand exceeds supply, so there is a shortage

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19
Q

Which parts of the UK are in a water deficit

A

The south and east

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20
Q

Why is there a water deficit in the south and east of the UK (2)

A
  • Most densly populated part of the UK
  • Lowest rainfall
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21
Q

What is a water surplus

A

when water supply exceeds demand, so there is an excess

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22
Q

Where is there a water surplus in the UK

A

north and west

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23
Q

Why is there a water surplus in the north and east of the UK (4)

A
  • High rainfall
  • Low rates of evaporation
  • Lots of sites for reservours
  • Demand is relatively low
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24
Q

What does water stress mean

A

when water demand exceeds supply

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25
Q

What is a water transfer scheme

A

schemes which attempt to match supply and demand by moving water from areas with a water surplus to areas with a water deficit

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26
Q

What are the downsides to water transfer schemes (3)

A
  • Enormous cost that comes with constructing dams, tunnels and pipelines
  • Potential damage to the ecosystem caused by the mixing of flora and fauna as water is transfered from one part of the country to another
  • Greenhouse gasses are emmited when fossils fuels are used to generate extra electricity required to pump water over large distances
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27
Q

Describe the water treating process in the UK

A
  1. Collect rain
  2. Store water
  3. Screen the water
  4. Remove any particles
  5. Remove bacteria
  6. Water is ready
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28
Q

What are some causes of water pollution (5)

A
  • Oil spills
  • Sewage
  • Urban runoff
  • Fertlisiers / pesticides
  • Landfills
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29
Q

What are the main sources of poluted water (3)

A
  • Detergents from washing machines
  • Run off from houses
  • Paved streets and roads
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29
Q

What are the ‘‘farming rules for water’’ (5)

A
  • Restict chemical uses and for them to not be used near rivers
  • Keep animals 50m away from water sources
  • Plant and vegetation breaks around fields to avoid runoff into streams
  • Resticted ploughing to maintain soil structure and prevent soil erosion
  • Control the use of manure and use effective storage to avoid spills
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30
Q

What are the economic impacts to using fossil fuels (3)

A
  • Creates employment
  • There are still large reserves in the UK
  • They are a finite source
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31
Q

What are the environmental impacts to using fossil fuels (3)

A
  • Emission of greenhouse gasses
  • Mining causes landscape destruction
  • Danger of oil spillages
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32
Q

What are the economic impacts to using Nuclear energy (3)

A
  • Expensive to build nuclear plants
  • Decommissioning is epensive and involves contaminated materials
  • Fuel is non-renewable but can be recycled
33
Q

What are the environmental impacts to using Nuclear energy (3)

A
  • Radioactive waste is expensive and controversial to dispose of
  • No greenhouse gases are emmited
  • Risk of harmfull radioactive leaks
34
Q

What are the economic impacts to using renewable energy (3)

A
  • Free renewable power source (wind, sun, tidal)
  • Electricy produced can be variable
  • Cost of installation is falling significantly
35
Q

What are the environmental impacts to using renewable energy (2)

A
  • Negative visual impact on landscape
  • Low levels of noise pollution with wind turbines
36
Q

Economic and environmental issues with Fracking (3)

A
  • Possibility of earthquakes, caused by the fracturing rocks
  • Pollution of undergound water sources from contaminated liquids
  • The high costs of extraction
37
Q

What are the economic impacts to using wind farms (3)

A
  • High construction costs
  • May destroy landscape
  • Some windfarms attract visitors by becoming tourist attractions
38
Q

What are the environmental impacts to using wind farms (3)

A
  • Visual impact on the landscape, for example in the Lake District
  • Wind farms avoid harmful gas emissions and help reduce the carbon footprint
  • Noise from wind turbines
39
Q

Why is food consumption increasing across the world? (4)

A
  • Economic development
  • Population growth
  • Larger availability of food
  • Dietary changes
40
Q

How does economic development increase food consumption across the world

A

Increase in development leades to a higher standard of living meaning more food

41
Q

How does population growth increase food consumption across the world

A

More people to feed leads to an increase in demand and consumption

42
Q

How does improvement in food transport increase food consumption across the world

A

Imrpovements in food transport (refrigirated lorries) allows for a longer shelf life so longer time for it to be bought and consumed

43
Q

How does dietry changes increase food consumption across the world

A

people changing to vegetarians / vegans so more vegetables are consumed

44
Q

Define food security

A

having access to enough safe, affordable and nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle

45
Q

What is food security measured by

A

FSI → Food Security Index

46
Q

What 6 factors affect food security

A
  • Climate
  • Pests and disease
  • Water stress
  • Technology
  • Conflict
  • Poverty
47
Q

How does climate affect food security

A

Climates affect the productivity and the types of food that can be grown.

48
Q

How does water stress affect food security

A

Crops can not be watered. Lack of water can lead to desertification, making soil unfertile

49
Q

How do pests and diseases affect food security

A

Pests eat the crops whilst disease can cause widespread death in animals.

50
Q

How does technology affect food security (2)

A
  • Less efficient without technology such as tractors
  • Poor use of irrigation can lead to waterlogging
51
Q

How does conflict affect food security (2)

A
  • Wars can result in destruction of crops and livestock
  • Transport networks can be distrupted, preventing food distribution
52
Q

How does poverty affect food security

A

Poorer countries can not afford technology, irrigation systems or fertilisers

53
Q

What are the impacts of food insecurity

A
  • Famine
  • Undernutrition
  • Soil erosion
  • Rising prices
54
Q

define famine

A

widespread lack of access to food often causing malnutrition, starvation and death

55
Q

Define undernutrition

A

lack of a balanced diet, and deficiency in minerals and vitamins

56
Q

define soil erosion

A

the removal of fertile topsoil by wind and water.

57
Q

how can soil erosion occur (3)

A
  • Overgrazing → too many animals eat from the land, vegetation is destroyed and the soil becomes exposed to wind and rain
  • Overcultivation → too many crops planted, can exhaust soils making them infertile and friable
  • Deforistation → removing trees which protects the soil against heavy rain
58
Q

define friable

A

loose and crumbly (soil)

59
Q

How does rising prices affect food insecutiy

A

Poorer countries can not afford to pay high prices to import food, fertilisers, animal feed ect.

60
Q

How can we increase food supply (5)

A
  • Irrigation systems
  • Aeroponics and Hydroponics
  • The ‘new’ green revolution
  • Biotchnology
  • Apropriate technology
61
Q

Define irrigation

A

the artificial watering of land

62
Q

What are aeroponics

A

Plants which are sprayed with a mist of water, containing plant nutrients. Excess water is collected and reused

63
Q

What are hydroponics

A

plants that are grown in mineral-rich water

64
Q

What does the term '’green revolution’‘ mean

A

the use of modern framing techniques, such as the use if machines anc chemicals and new strains of plants

65
Q

What does the '’new’’ green revolution focus on

A

sustainability

66
Q

What techniques are used for the '’new’’ green revolution (4)

A
  • Water harvesting
  • Irrigation
  • Soil conservation
  • Improving seed and livestock quality using new sciences and technologies
67
Q

How can biotechnology help increase food supply (4)

A
  • Genetically modifying crops and animals
  • These crops will produce a higher yeild, using fewer fertilisers
  • Can be resistant to disease
  • Can work the same with less water requirements
68
Q

Define appropriate technology

A

using skills or materials that are cheap and easily avaliable, to increase output, without putting people out of work

69
Q

What would be appropriate technology within food management

A

Small scale water hervisting equipment

70
Q

Where does the Indus Basin Irrigation System flow

A

through Pakistan into the Arabian sea

71
Q

What are the 6 advantages to the Indus Basin Irrigation system

A
  • Improves food security for Pakistan as 40% more of the land is avaliable for crops to be planted
  • Provides water to 1.6million km2 of Pakistan
  • Irrigation increases crop yeilds, fruit 150%
  • Diets improve
  • Fish farming in reservours allows for protien
  • Food based industries have developed
72
Q

What are the 5 disadvantages to the Indus Basin Irrigation System

A
  • Farmers may take an unfair share of water depriving those downstream
  • High temperatures in summer cause high water loss via evaporation
  • Poor irrigation techniques mean water is wasted
  • Population growth will later increase water demand
  • High costs to maintain canals
73
Q

What is organic farming

A

growing crops or livestock without the use of chemicals (fertilisers, pesticides)

74
Q

Define permaculture

A

agricultural systems which are meant to be self sustainable

75
Q

3 examples of permaculture

A
  • Organic gardening
  • Use of crop rotation
  • Keeping animals like bees
76
Q

What is crop rotation

A

planting different crops in the same area

77
Q

What is urban farming

A

growing food in spaces in and around cities

78
Q

4 reasons why urban farming is becoming more popular

A
  • New jobs are created in cities
  • Brightens urban enviroments
  • Attracts wildlife such as bees and butterflies
  • Greater choice of fresh foods
79
Q

How can sustainable meat be achieved

A
  • Small-scale livestock farming
  • Free-range
  • Organic
80
Q

4 benefits to seasonal produce

A
  • Reduction of transport so less co2
  • Supports local economy
  • Cheaper as less costs going to transport
  • Follows natural seasonal cycle
81
Q

4 ways to reduce food waste

A
  • Clearer food labeling (best before, use by)
  • Improving food storage, better fridges
  • Processing foods to increse shelf-life
  • Using sealed plastic packaging to make products last longer

Geography (4 decks)

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