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Personality and Individual Differences > Topic 2a - Narrow Personality Traits > Flashcards

Topic 2a - Narrow Personality Traits Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Personality Description? - Digman 1997 / Revelle

A
  • General Personality Factor (Big One)
  • Alpha factor (stability)
  • Beta factor (plasticity)
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2
Q

What is the General Personality Factor (Big One)?

A
  • Represents tendency to be emotional and extraverted
  • Common variance across all big 5 traits
  • Positive and social desirability aspects
  • Extent someone is equipped to survive, grow, reproduce
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3
Q

What is the Alpha Factor and Beta Factor?

A
  • Alpha represents stability : Agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism
  • Beta represents plasticity : Extraversion and openness
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4
Q

What is the Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma? - Cronbach & Gleser, 1965

A

A trade off between breadth and accuracy of personality predictions
Broader, higher level descriptors (big 5) = predict more behaviours but with low accuracy
Narrower, lower level descriptors (facets) = predict fewer behaviours with high accuracy

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5
Q

Paunonem & Ashton, 2001 study (grades and personality) - lower level descriptors (facets). What did they do?

A
  • 717 students completed big 5 scale
  • Correlations between grades and pre selected big 5 traits and lower level facets
  • Conscientiousness and Openness traits required to predict grades
  • Facet level of conscientiousness = need for achievement
  • Facets level of openness = need for understanding
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6
Q

What did the lower level descriptor study find? - grade predictor

A
  • Facet level of conscientiousness (need for achievement) was a bigger predictor to final grade than the whole trait
  • Facet level of openness (need for understanding) was a predictor to final grade but the trait openness as a whole was not a significant predictor
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7
Q

What are more Narrow Personality Traits?

A
  • Authoritarianism
  • Schizotypy
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8
Q

What is Authoritarianism?

A
  • Preference for unambiguous and familiar routines - rigid and inflexible
  • Strong views on crime and punishment
  • Respect for institutions and authority
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9
Q

What did Bouchard et al. 2003 identical twins study show?

A

Identical twins reared apart showed similarity in their conservatism

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10
Q

What did Amodio et al. 2017 find about conservatism? - Go/no go task

A

It is associated with decreased neural responses to suppressing habitual response in Go/No go tasks
Neural activity indicates sensitivity to detect signals in changes of behaviour
Smaller response = high levels of conservatism (less sensitive to detecting signals that indicate change in behaviour) - made more errors on this task

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11
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis?

A

There is no discontinuity between normality and mental illness.
Rather than there being categorical differences between someone with mental health issues or not there is a CONTINUUM - Cooper, 2002

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12
Q

What is Schizotypy?

A

Personality disorder seen within the general pop. without MH problems - variations of Schizophrenic symptoms that reflect normal behaviours and personality traits - reflects genetic and biological vulnerability to psychosis

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13
Q

What are the 4 factors that measure Schizotypy? O-LIFE factor analysis

A
  • Unusual Experiences - perceptual distortions, hallucinations E.G are your thoughts often so strong you can almost hear them?
  • Cognitive Disorganisation - sense of purposelessness, anxiety and intrusive thoughts even when concentrating
  • Introvertive Anhedonia - lack of enjoyment or pleasure from social interactions - dislike of intimacy, too independent
  • Impulsive nonconformity - impulsive, urges, binging
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14
Q

What is included on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire? - 9 features of this personality disorder - Raine, 1991

A
  • Ideas of reference (do you feel like people are talking about you?
  • Excessive social anxiety (uneasy talking to people)
  • Odd beliefs / magical thinking (telepathy)
  • Unusual perceptual experiences (seen or heard things)
  • Odd or eccentric behaviour
  • No close friends
  • Odd speech (rambling)
  • Constricted affect (lack of emotional expression)
  • Suspiciousness
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15
Q

What is the validity of Schizotypy?

A
  • No universal measure
  • Conceptual validity - cognitive inhibition in schizophrenia also seen less in people with high schizotypy trait E.G negative priming
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16
Q

What is the modified Stroop task to measure cognitive inhibition? - Steel et al. 1996

A

3 conditions
- Baseline (naming the colour of the ink without a word)
- Stroop (naming the colour of the ink with a word)
- Priming (distracter word predicts the next ink colour)

17
Q

What did the modified Stroop task to measure cognitive inhibition find? - Steel et al. 1996

A

In general pop - priming condition is harder to complete (word has been inhibited)
The difference between the stroop and priming condition = size of negative priming effect, bigger difference shows greater amount of cognitive inhibition
- People with Schizophrenia have less cognitive inhibition (smaller difference between stroop and priming)
- Low trait Schizotypy trait shows bigger difference between stroop and priming = more cognitive inhibition
- High trait Schizotypy trait shows less difference between stroop and priming = less cognitive inhibition

18
Q

What is Machiavellianism - Machiavelli

A
  • Gaining and maintaining power
  • Better to be feared than loved
  • Trust no one
  • Make decisions for benefit of the group without morality
  • Make friends with powerful people
  • Links to manipulative personality
19
Q

What are some questions on the Christie & Geis (1970) Mach scale?

A

‘One should take action only when sure it is morally right’ - if disagree = high MACH
‘It’s hard to get ahead without cutting corners’ = if agree = high MACH
‘Better to be humble and honest than important and dishonest’ - if disagree = high MACH

20
Q

What is the link between Machiavellianism and lying?

A

High in machiavellian trait = better at lying and feel less shame about it, better at maintaining eye contact after lying accusation

21
Q

What are the DARK TRIAD traits - Machiavelli

A

Machiavellianism
Psychopathy
Narcissism

22
Q

What is Narcissism?

A

Self absorbed, require attention, don’t help others, feel superior and dominant
- Want admiration, attention, prestige
- Correlates with extraversion

23
Q

What is Psychopathy?

A

Good at getting people on side, impulsive, superficial charm, manipulative, low empathy
- Lack remorse, insensitive, cynical

24
Q

What are dark triad traits linked with?

A
  • Preference for short term relationships
  • Night owls
  • Cruel to animals
  • Attractive and charming
  • Cheating
  • Not correlated with the big 5 traits

Personality and Individual Differences (10 decks)

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