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Biology > Topic 2A > Flashcards

Topic 2A Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells are ..

A

Are complex and include All animal and plant cells as well as fungi and algae

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells are…

A

Single called organisms

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3
Q

What extra organelle do plant cells have

A

Cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

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4
Q

Difference between fungal and plant cell

A

Fungal cell walls made of chitin not cellulose

Fungal calls don’t have chloroplasts

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5
Q

Cell surface membrane function

A

Regulates movement of substance in and out of cell. Has receptor molecules to respond to chemicals like hormones

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6
Q

Nucleus function

A

Controls cell activity
Pores allow substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleulous makes ribosomes

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7
Q

Mitochondrion function

A

Site of aerobic respiration where atp produced

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8
Q

Chloroplasts function

A

Site of photosynthesis some happens in grana and other in stroma

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9
Q

Lamellae

A

Thin flat pieces of thylakoid membrane

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10
Q

Stroma

A

Thick fluid found in chloroplasts

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11
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins and makes lysosomes

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12
Q

Golgi Vesicles function

A

Stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi and transports out the cell via cell surface membrane

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13
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes. Kept separate from cytoplasm by surrounding membrane and can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of cell

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14
Q

Ribosome function

A

Site where proteins are made

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15
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

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16
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

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17
Q

Cell wall function

A

Supports cell and prevents it changing shape

18
Q

Cell vacuole function

A

Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep it rigid
Stops wilting
Involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell

19
Q

Capsule

A

Made of secreted slime, helps protect bacteria from attack cells from immune system

20
Q

Plasmids

A

Small loops of DNA that contain genes for things like antibiotic resistance

21
Q

Flagellum

A

A long hair like structure that rotated to make the prokaryotic cell move

22
Q

4key points about viruses

A

Just nucleic acids surrounded by protein, not alive
Smaller than bacteria
Have no plasma membrane, no cytoplasm and no ribosomes
Reproduce inside host cells

23
Q

Virus structure

A

Contain a core of genetic material either DNA or RNA
Protein coat around core is capsid
Attachment proteins stick out from edge of capsid so can cling on host cell

24
Q

Binary fission

A

Circular DNA and plasmids replicate
Cell gets bigger and DNA loops move to opposite poles of cell
Cytoplasm begins to divide and cell walls begin to form
Cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells produced with one copy of circular DNA each

25
Q

Light microscopes

A

Source : Light radiation
Magnification: upto 1500x
Resolution : 0.2 micrometers
Resulting image: black and white 2D

26
Q

Sample preparation for light microscope

A

Sample is washed, add a simple chemical and put a cover slip over it

27
Q

Scanning electron microscopes

A

Source: Scan beam of electron across specimen knocking off electrons from specimen and gathering in cathode tube to form image
Resolution: 20nm, lower than TEM
Magnification: x1,500,000
Resulting image: 3D image

28
Q

SEM sample preparation

A

Coat specimen with thin layer of gold

Must be in a vacuum

29
Q

Transmitting electron microscope

A

Source: Electromagnets focus beams of electrons which is then transmitted through specimen
Resolution: 0.1 nm, high
Resulting image: 2D Black white

30
Q

TEM sample preparation

A

Must be in a vacuum

Slice and stain

31
Q

Homogenisation

A

Done by vibrating cells or grinding in blender. Breaks up the plasma membrane and releases organelle into solution
Solutions must be ice cold to reduce enzyme activity that break down organelle
Must be isotonic, and use buffer solution

32
Q

Filtration

A

Homogenised cell solution filtered through gauze to separate large debris or tissue

33
Q

Ultracentrifugation

A

Cell fragments poured into tube which is put in centrifuge and spun at low speed. Heaviest organelle like nuclei form pelt
Supernatant drained off and spun at higher speed, repeated with higher speeds until all organelles are separated

34
Q

Interphase

A

Cell prepares to divide

DNA unravels and replicated to double genetic content

35
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense getting shorter and fatter
Bundles of proteins called centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell forming network of protein fibres called spindles
Nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes lie free in cytoplasm

36
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator and become attached to spindle by there centromere

37
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide departing each pair of sister chromatids. Spindles contract pulling chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle, centromere first

38
Q

Telaphase

A

Chromatids reach opposite poles on the spindle. Uncoil and become long and thing again (chromosomes)
Nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes

39
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides and there are now two daughter cells that are genetically identical to original

40
Q

Cancer treatment: G1 (cell growth and protein production)

A

Some chemical drugs prevent synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication.
If these aren’t produced cell unable to enter synthesis phase forcing to kill itself

41
Q

Cancer treatment: S Phase (DNA replication)

A

Radiation and some drugs damage DNA, if damaged DNA detected, it will kill itself
Not enough DNA for two daughter nuclei

42
Q

Ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells

A

70S

Biology (11 decks)

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