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Botany - Topic list A > Topic 2 - The morphology and main modifications of vegetative organs > Flashcards

Topic 2 - The morphology and main modifications of vegetative organs Flashcards

1
Q

Major benefit of plant morphology

A

Helps to study and identify plants
The knowledge of major attributes of higher groups (genera, family) easier identification of non-studied species
Genera and families have typical compounds
Explanations for non-studied plant poisonoings

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2
Q

Major parts of plants

A 
Root (radix)
Shoot (cormus)
o	Stem (caulis)
	      Node (nodus)
	      Internode (internodium)
o	Leaves (folium)
Flower (flos, Anthos)
Inflorescence (inforescentia)
Fruit (fruktus)
o	Seed (semen)
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3
Q

Major functions of the root system

A

Anchorage
Uptake of water and minerals
Transport
Storage (photosynthesis)

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4
Q

types of roots

A

True roots (from radicula)
Adventitous roots
Modified roots

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5
Q

True roots

A

Develop from Radicula

tap root
branch roots

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6
Q

Adventitious roots

A

(for organs other than roots)
Fibrous root system
Roots arise on nodes, cut surfaces controlled by hormones

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7
Q

Modified roots

A 
Storage roots
o	Used as fleshy forages
o	Mainly sources of carbohydrates
o	Less amount of thickened cell walls  better digestibility
o	Storage taproot—>carrot
Root tubers —> tuberous pea
Beetroot —> sugar beet, radish
o	Fusion of root and stem parts
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8
Q

Interspecific modifications

A 
Nutrient transport between species
Either benefits and harmful effects
Mycorrizal roots
Root nodules
Haustorium
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9
Q

Mycorrizal roots

A

plant roots associated with beneficial fungus

o	Ecto: trees and mushrooms
o	Endo (arbuscular): present for 85-90% of angiosperms
o	Better phosphorus uptake
o	Better resistance
o	Better assimilation rate
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10
Q

Root nodules

A

symbiotic interaction between roots and bacteria

o Mainly rhizobium species
o Fabaceae family
o Better nitrogen fixation
o Higher protein level

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11
Q

Haustorium

A

A structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients

Parasitic and semiparasitic plants

Dodder (Cuscuta) species which can infect crop plants

Low production, phytobezoars

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12
Q

Aerial roots

A

Specific for genera or species

Formed by above ground structures (stem)

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13
Q

Buds

A

Bud (gemma) = embryonic shoot

Vegetative bud of biennial species → forage
Food for game species → ← game damage

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14
Q

Types of buds

A

vegetative, reproductive, mixed

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15
Q

Function of buds

A

protection of shoot apex = bud scales

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16
Q

Function of the shoot system

A 
Strengthening
Support leaves and flowers 
Transport
Photosynthesis
Storage
17
Q

Types of shoots (stems)

A

Woody

Herbaceous

18
Q

Woody stems

A

Lignification → deposits of lignin in cell walls → decreasing digestibility

Woody stem (secondary growth → increase in thickness of plant)
o Trees
o Shrubs
o Subshrubs

Palm tree (no secondary growth, fused leaf sheats)

19
Q

Herbaceous stems

A

Lignification is possible in older organs

Determine forage value

Common dicot stem – with lateral branches and non-conspicuous nodes
Grass stem – in Poaceae family, hollow internodes, thick nodes, no lateral branches
Rosette – circular arrangement of leaves, short internodes
Sedge stem – for certain species of sour grasses (e.g. sedges), short internodes close to the ground, spongy inner parts low feeding value

20
Q

Major types of modified stem above grounds

A

Stem tendril (cyrrus): simple (cucumber) or branched (pumpkin) – climbing

Thorns (spina)
simple (firethorn) or
branched (honey locust) – protection

Runner (sarmentum): elongated internodes (strawberry) vegetative reproduction

Succulent stem: cylindrical or spherical – water storage

Phylloclades: leaf-like stem – assimilation (butcher’s-broom)

21
Q

Major types of modified stems below ground

A

Generally store starch (or other carbohydrates)

Rhizome (rhizome): short internodes
Ferns, monocots (horizontal)
Dicots (vertical)
Stolon (stolo): elongated internodes – grasses

Bulb (bulbus) – for monocot species, fleshy cataphylls dry bracts

Tuber (tuber) – thickened stem, storage function, forage importance

Bulbotuber – intermediate form (meadow saffron)

22
Q

Leaf

A

Phylum, folia

Vegetative organ with determined growth

23
Q

Functions of the leaf

A

Photosynthesis, storage

24
Q

Major leaf types

A

Cotyledon
Cataphylls
Hypsophylls

25
Q

Cotyledon leafs

A 
= seed leaf, embryonic leaf
Remains in the soil - nutrient storage
Emerges above ground - photosynthesis
Number: many (gymnosperms) 2, 1, 
Important source of nutrients
26
Q

Cataphylls

A

Scales on underground stems that function in protection and storage

27
Q

Hypsophylls

A

Mainly floral bracts, function in protection or pollinator attractants —> highly specific

28
Q

Foliage leaves

A

The leaf base connects to the stem
Grasses —> leaf sheath
Stipules can be present on both sides
Petiole (leaf stalk) —> holds the leaf blade, but it can be absent (sessile leaf)
Leaf blade —> gas exchange, photosynthesis

29
Q

Division of the blades of foliage leaves

A

Undivided

Divided
Palmately
Pinnately

30
Q

Depth of divisions of foliage leaves

A

Lobed
Cleft
Parted
Dividied

31
Q

Heterophylly

A

Having dissimilar leaves on one plant

Ref. foliage leaves

32
Q

Leaf margins of foliage leaves

A 
Entire
Dentate
Serrate
Crenate
Sinuate
33
Q

Compound leaves

A 
Single leaves
The blade divided into leaflets
     Palmately 
     Pinnately 
           Paripinnately (odd-pinnate)
           Imparipinnate (even-pinnate)
     Bipinnate leaves: leaflets also pinnate
34
Q

Venations (function)

A

Transport water and nutrients

Strengthening

35
Q

Types of venations

A

Dichotomous
Parallel (monocots)
Netted or reticulate (dicots)
Pinnate, palmate

36
Q

Phyllotaxis

A

Arrangement of leaves on the stem
Spiral: one leaf per node
Opposite: two leaves per node
Whorled: more than three leaves per node

37
Q

Important leaf modifications

A

Leaf tendrils
Spines
Succulent leaves

Botany - Topic list A (17 decks)

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