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Botany - Topic list A > Topic 12 - Anti-nutritional compounds in forages → biosynthetic pathways > Flashcards

Topic 12 - Anti-nutritional compounds in forages → biosynthetic pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Adverse effects of forages

A

Contamination with inorganic compounds

Mouldy forage (fungi, bacteria)

Narrow range of forages

Non-optimal dosage

Non-optimal nutrient and energy supply

Secondary plant metabolites

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2
Q

Anti-nutritional factors

A

Substances that when present in animal feed reduce the availability of one or more nutrients

Interfere with the utilisation of dietary nutrients in a variety of ways

No major role in primary metabolism (non-essential compounds)

Mainly secondary metabolites

Taxonspecific metabolites

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3
Q

Effects on animal species

A

Decrease voluntary feed intake

Reduce digestibility

Changes in metabolism

Poisonous effects → decreased production (or quality)

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4
Q

Classification

A

Animal nutrition: based on their effect on the nutritive value of feedstuffs and on biological responses in animals

Botany: biosynthetic pathway of plant metabolites

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5
Q

Carbohydrates with anti nutritive effects

A

Non-starch polysaccharides

Non-digestible oligosaccharides

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6
Q

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)

A

Major structural elements in the cell wall - mainly i forage legumes

Cellulose → low digestibility

Beta-glucans and arabinoxylans → high water absorption capacity → increased viscosity → sticky faeces syndrome

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7
Q

High proportion of NSP

A

decreased energy value and digestibility of the forage → decreased production

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8
Q

Prevention of NSPs

A

Application of forage mixtures or specific enzymes

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9
Q

Non-digestible olgiosaccharides

A

Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose

Most of the species do not have enzymes to digest them → pass unchanged to the colon → intestinal bacteria ferment them to gases →bloating effect

Mainly in fabaceous plants as stored nutrinets

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10
Q

Prevention of non-digestible oligosaccharides

A

Application of beta-glalactosidase enzyme

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11
Q

Phytic acid

A

A primary product of carbohydrate metabolism

Can form complexes with basic residues of proteins → interfere with the activity of enzymes and digestibility of other nutrients

Occurrence: cereals, pulse crops, and oil plants

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12
Q

Phytate

A

Can form complexes with a variety of minerals → reducing the availability of these nutrients

Phosphorous and inositol in phytate form → not bioavailable to non-ruminant animals

Occurrence: cereals, pulse crops, and oil plants

Poultry and pigs: low feed conversion

Ruminant: tolerant → phytase enzyme produced by rumen microorganimsms

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13
Q

Prevention of phytic acid and phytates

A

Application of phytase supplementation

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14
Q

Phenolics with anti nutritive effects

A

Tannins

Isoflavonoids

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15
Q

Tannins

A

Hydrolyzable and condensed tannins

Natural occurrence: field pea, field bean, sainfoin

Major effects astringent taste (depresses feed intake), precipitate proteins water insoluble complexes (decreased protein conversion rate), bounds with iron (iron deficiency)

Susceptible species: poultry, pig, horse

Tannin content of forage plants is generally low, no poisonous, but mild antinutritive effect

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16
Q

Isoflavonoids

A

Coumestrol, genistein, formononetin

Natural occurrence: soybean, lucerns, clovers

Susceptible species: cattle, horse

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17
Q

Effects of isoflavonoids

A

Similar to animal estrogen

Bind irreversible to estrogen receptors

Decreasing fertility – abnormal estrus cycle, abortion, sterility

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18
Q

Prevention of isoflavonoids

A

application of forage mixtures

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19
Q

Polyketides with anti nutritive effects

A

Euric acid

20
Q

Euric acid

A

General compound in the Brassicaceae family

Mainly stored in the seed

Major effects: myocardial lesions (fatty infiltration)

Susceptible: All livestock species

21
Q

Prevention of euric acid

A

application of double zero cultivars

22
Q

Terpenoids with anti nutritive effects

A

Saponins

Glossypol

23
Q

Saponins

A

Natural occurrence: species of Fabaceae family

Generally molecules have a bitter flavor irritation of mucous membranes

Susceptible species: ruminants, poultry, pigs

24
Q

Effects of saponins

A

Produce foam in the rumen

Can enter into the lipid bilayer of membranes disintegrated membranes

Decrease rumen motility

Red blood cells are affected → haemolytic effect

25
Q

Prevention of saponins

A

Application of selected cultivars, forage mixtures or drying

26
Q

Glossypol

A

A sesquiterpene dimer of cottonseed

Absorbed from the GT and highly bound to amino acids, especially lysine, and to dietary iron

Susceptible species: all animals, but especially monogastrics, preruminants, immature ruminants, and poultry

27
Q

Effects of glossypol

A

Renders many amino acids unavailable → affects enzymatic reactions

Effects on the cardiac, hepatic, renal, reproductive, or other systems

Green discoloration of egg yolk

28
Q

Prevention of glossypol

A

High intake of protein, calcium hydroxide, or iron salts, and limited dietary glossypol concentrations

29
Q

Azetoids with anti nutritive effects

A

Non-proteinogenic amino acids

Water soluble peptides of low molecular weight

30
Q

Non-proteinogenic amino acids

A

Natural occurrence in Lathyrus species: Lathyrogenes (ODAP, BAPN, DAB)

BAPN can inhibite the collagen synthesis → damage of bones and connective tissue

Susceptible species: horse, cattle, poultry

31
Q

Prevention of Non-proteinogenic amino acids

A

Heat treatment or consumption of foods containing sulphuric amino acids

32
Q

Water soluble peptides of low molecular weight

A

Natural occurrence: in species of family lucern, clovers

Rapid digestion by rumen microbes slime production frothy bloat (distension caused by foam and gases)

Susceptible species: horse, cattle

33
Q

Prevention of Water soluble peptides of low molecular weight

A

drying, ensilage, slow accustoming to fresh forage legumes

34
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

Natural occurrence in legume seeds (soy bean, beans) and cereals

Mainly trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors

Amylase inhibitors → minor importance → impaired digestion of starch

Susceptible species: poultry, pig, carnivores

35
Q

trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors

A

Form stable inactive complexes with the pancreatic enzymes → decreased protein digestion

When trypsin and chymotrypsin are reduced → pancreas stimulated to produce more digestive enszymes → hypertrophy of the pancreas

36
Q

Prevention of protease inhibitors

A

heat treatment but trypsin inhibitors are less susceptible to heat

37
Q

Lectins

A

Phytoheamagglutinins

Proteins that are generally present in the form of glycoproteins → have the ability to bind to specific sugars

Natural occurrence: in beans (highly toxic), field bean, pea, lupines (less toxic)

Susceptible species: monogastric species

38
Q

Effects of lectins

A

Binding of lectins to epithelial cells → disorders of nutrient absorption → growth depressions

39
Q

Prevention of lectins

A

Heat treatment

40
Q

Glycosinolates

A

Sulphuric compounds from cysteine strong, hot flavor

Natural occurrence: species of Brassicaceae

If specific proteins → carcinogenic nitriles, or thiocyanates can also be produced

It can be excreted in the milk

Susceptible species: pig, cattle, poultry

41
Q

Effects of glycosinolates

A

Isothiocyanates produced → irritation of skin and mucous membranes, goitrogen effect → disrupts the production of thyroid hormones (interferes with iodine uptake)

Low iodine uptake losing of weight, haemorrhagic symptoms in liver, enlarged spleen and kidneys, abortion

42
Q

Prevention of glycosinolates

A

Application of double zero cultivars

43
Q

Poisonous azotoids

A

Cyanogenic glycosides

Poisonous alkaloids

44
Q

Cyanogenic glycosides

A

Natural occurrence: linseed, Sorghum spp., white clover

Inhibition of cell respiration

45
Q

Prevention of Cyanogenic glycosides

A

Grazing, harvesting in optimal phenological stage, application of limited amounts in mixtures

46
Q

Poisonous alkaloids

A

Lupinus species: quinolizidine type – Lupinine, pupanine → Lupine poisoning

Vicia faba: pyrimidine type – vicine, konvicine → favism

47
Q

Prevention of Poisonous alkaloids

A

application of selected cultivars

Botany - Topic list A (17 decks)

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