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Introduction to Communications > Topic 2: Perception and Communication > Flashcards

Topic 2: Perception and Communication Flashcards

1
Q

The process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses.

A

Perception

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2
Q

Perception in which your mind selects, organizes, and interprets that which you sense.

A

Active perception

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3
Q

Your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli.

A

Subjective perception

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4
Q

The idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change; your initial perceptions persist

A

Perceptual Constancy

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5
Q

The part an individual plays in a group; an individual’s function or expected behavior.

A

Role

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6
Q

A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with one another and with their world.

A

Culture

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7
Q

A group whose beliefs or behaviors distinguish it from the larger culture of which it is part and with which it shares numerous similarities.

A

Co-Culture

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8
Q

You engage in three separate activities during perception:

A

Selection, Organization and Interpretation

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9
Q

Name 4 types of selectivity:

A

Selective exposure, selective attention, selective perception and selective retention.

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10
Q

The tendency to expose yourself to information that reinforces rather than contradicts, your beliefs or opinions.

A

Selective Exposure

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11
Q

The tendency, when you expose yourself to information and ideas, to focus on certain cues and ignore others.

A

Selective Attention

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12
Q

The tendency to see, hear and believe only what you want to see, hear and believe.

A

Selective Perception

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13
Q

The tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your beliefs rather than those that oppose them.

A

Selective Retention

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14
Q

The focal point of your attention.

A

Figure

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15
Q

The background against which your focused attention occurs.

A

Ground

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16
Q

The tendency to fill in missing information in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement.

A

Closure

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17
Q

The principle that objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group.

A

Proximity

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18
Q

The principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes such as size, color, or shape.

A

Similarity

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19
Q

Perception that involves a blend of internal states and external stimuli.

A

Interpretive Perception

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20
Q

________ occurs when we offer an oversimplified or standardized image of a person because of her or his group membership.

A

Stereotyping

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21
Q

The prejudgments that we make before we know any relevant facts or circumstances about a person or an event.

A

Prejudice

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22
Q

Name 3 steps of perceptual checking

A
  1. You describe to the other person the behavior - including the verbal and nonverbal cues - that you observed.
  2. You suggest plausible interpretations.
  3. You see clarification, explanation, or amplification.
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23
Q

The most common context of communication.

A

Intrapersonal communication

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24
Q

The process in which the self develops through the messages and feedback received from others.

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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25
Q

The act of assigning meaning to the stimuli we have selected and organized

A

Interpretation

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26
Q

Physiological limits on our view of the world

A

Perceptual filters

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27
Q

A choice about what we will focus our attention on

A

Selection

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28
Q

The way we view ourselves and our world

A

Perception

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29
Q

The shared beliefs, traditions, social relationships, and view of the world among a group of people

A

Culture

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30
Q

Focusing on certain aspects of our environment and filtering out others

A

Selective Attention

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31
Q

The arrangement of stimuli we take in through our senses

A

Organization

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32
Q

The tendency to see what we expect to see

A

Psychological Sets

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33
Q

Events or situations that occur because we expect them to occur

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

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34
Q

How well we like or value ourselves

A

Self-Esteem

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35
Q

Messages about ourselves we get from others

A

Reflected appraisals

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36
Q

Our view of how we measure up against others in certain areas of our life

A

Social comparisons

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37
Q

Nonverbal cues are the method by which we form first impressions.
True/False

A

True

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38
Q

Perceived traits are the same as the character traits other people possess.
True/False

A

False

39
Q

The judgments we make about physical attractiveness are based partly on our culture.
True/False

A

True

40
Q

First impressions are brief ideas we have about a person; they don’t last long.
True/False

A

False

41
Q

Is this a perceptual Error?
Good grandparents like to babysit their grandchildren.
True/False

A

True

42
Q

Is this a perceptual Error?
Everyone knows that most attorneys are sharks.
True/False

A

True

43
Q

Is this a perceptual Error?
I threw out your magazines; I assumed you wouldn’t want to keep them.
True/False

A

True

44
Q

Is this a perceptual Error?
I wouldn’t do that if I were you
True/False

A

True

45
Q

Is this a perceptual Error?
Anyone in my shoes would have done the same thing!
True/False

A

True

46
Q

The way in which we view ourselves and our world.

A

Perception

47
Q

The three-step method by which we make sense of our world.

A

Perceptual process

48
Q

A choice we make about what aspects of our environment we focus our attention on.

A

Selection

49
Q

Groups of individuals who interact and cooperate with one another in a structured way for a shared purpose.

A

Organization

50
Q

The act of assigning meaning to the stimuli we have selected and organized.

A

Interpretation

51
Q

The choice we make to focus attention on a specific sound or word.

A

Selective Attention

52
Q

A physiological limit on our view of the world.

A

Perceptual filter

53
Q

The tendency to see what we expect to see.

A

Psychological Set

54
Q

The shared beliefs, traditions, social relationships, and view of the world among a group of people.

A

Culture

55
Q

The fairly stable impression we have developed over time about who we are.

A

Self-concept

56
Q

A message about ourselves we get from others.

A

Reflected Appraisal

57
Q

Our view of how we measure up against others in certain areas of our life.

A

Social Comparison

58
Q

Which of the following may be the result of physiological factors, past experiences and roles, cultures, and present conditions?

a. selection
b. similarity
c. self serving bias
d. differences in perception

A

d. differences in perception

59
Q

By neglecting some stimuli and focusing on other stimuli, you are engaging in which process of perception?

a. organization
b. selection
c. classification
d. interpretation

A

b. selection

60
Q

______ is an organizational method whereby missing information is filled in to create the appearance of a complete unit, and ______ is another organizational technique whereby elements are grouped based on their similarities in size, color and shape.

a. Closure; similarity
b. Proximity; figure and ground
c. Similarity; proximity
d. Closure; proximity

A

a. Closure; similarity

61
Q

Perceptual constancy results because of

a. physiological factors
b. past experiences and roles
c. people’s cultures and co-cultures
d. people’s present feelings and circumstances

A

b. past experiences and roles

62
Q

A system of shared beliefs, values, customers and behaviors is known as a

a. person
b. communicator
c. role
d. culture

A

d. culture

63
Q

Which of the following is a perceptual error frequently made by people?

a. believing stereotypes about people who are different from themselves
b. believing other people are courageous, while they, themselves, are cowardly
c. believing that others are considerably older than themselves
d. believing that uneducated people are happier than educated people

A

a. believing stereotypes about people who are different from themselves

64
Q

When people seek to present an ideal version of themselves, they are engaging in

a. identity management
b. active perception
c. attribution
d. selection

A

a. identity management

65
Q

First impressions

a. generally take weeks or more to develop
b. are based on people’s sense of humor, their personality, and their religion
c. are frequently based on other people’s appearance
d. are generally accurate and therefore are lasting impressions

A

c. are frequently based on other people’s appearance

66
Q

Our physical characteristics are unrelated to our perceptions.
True/False

A

False

67
Q

A speech of self-introduction initially requires intrapersonal communication.
True/False

A

True

68
Q

When you perceive nine lines as three groups, rather than nine unconnected lines, you are illustrating the concept of proximity.
True/False

A

True

69
Q

Proximity is when we organize stimuli based on their likeness or similarity.
True/False

A

False

70
Q

Perceptual constancy means that past experience has little effect on our perceptions.
True/False

A

False

71
Q

In your work as a porter in a large hotel, you notice that guests seem to look right through you, don’t remember that you were the one who helped them, and don’t seem to know which porter they are supposed to tip when they check out. This experience is an example of disconfirmation of your self-concept.
True/False

A

True

72
Q

Perception is the mental process through which we interpret that which we sense.
True/False

A

True

73
Q

Noticing the women in the room more than the men in the room is an example of selective attention.
True/False

A

True

74
Q

Closure is related to how we organize stimuli.

True/False

A

True

75
Q

“No matter who sees a chair, they all see the same chair” illustrates the idea of active perception.
True/False

A

False

76
Q

We use similarity to engage in the organization of stimuli.

True/False

A

True

77
Q

How you perceive yourself plays a central role in communication.
True/False

A

True

78
Q

People of different cultures tend to perceive things in the same way.
True/False

A

False

79
Q

“Birds of a feather flock together” is an expression that illustrates the concept of closure.
True/False

A

False

80
Q

Closure is related to how we organize stimuli.

True/False

A

True

81
Q

Prejudices can be positive where you pre-judge that another person is “good” without any evidence.
True/False

A

True

82
Q

Interpretive perception involves only internal stimuli.

True/False

A

False

83
Q

Ground is what you focus on the most; figure is the context in which you see the ground.
True/False

A

False

84
Q

The process of perception includes selection, organization and interpretation.
True/False

A

True

85
Q

Perception is the mental process through which we interpret that which we sense.
True/False

A

True

86
Q

How you perceive yourself plays a central role in communication.
True/False

A

True

87
Q

Stereotypes are initially based on classifications of people.
True/False

A

True

88
Q

Temporary conditions like fatigue, hunger or a headache can affect your perceptions.
True/False

A

True

89
Q

Perceptual constancy means that past experience has little effect on our perceptions.
True/False

A

False

90
Q

Prejudices and stereotypes are unrelated.

True/False

A

False

91
Q

Prejudices interfere with our accurate perceptions of others.
True/False

A

True

92
Q

The position adopted in the book is that everyone sees everything in his or her own unique way.
True/False

A

True

93
Q

When you perceive nine lines as three groups, rather than nine unconnected lines, you are illustrating the concept of proximity.
True/False

A

True

94
Q

Our physical characteristics are unrelated to our perceptions.
True/False

A

False

Introduction to Communications (14 decks)

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