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IMMUNOHEMA OFFSEM PM > TOPIC 2 - P1 > Flashcards

TOPIC 2 - P1 Flashcards

1
Q

Most of the antigens in the various blood group systems (i.e., ABO, Rh, Kell, Kidd, etc.) generally follow straightforward inheritance patterns, usually of a ________

A

codominant nature.

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2
Q

In codominance, _____ are
expressed, and their ______ are seen at the phenotypic level.

A

both alleles ; gene products

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3
Q

_____ is the sequence of DNA that is inherited

A

Genotype

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4
Q

______ is anything that is produced by the genotype

A

Phenotype

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5
Q

_____ refers to the process by which a host organism protects itself from attacks by external and internal agents

A

Immunity

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6
Q

Immunity confers protection from ______ and _______-elements

A

nonself and abnormal self

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7
Q
  • majority of blood bank testing is focused on the _____, _____ and ______ of blood group antibodies and on the _________
  • Detection of _______ or _____
  • self versus nonself
A
  • prevention, detection, identification and on the typing of RBC antigens
  • alloantibodies or autoantibodies
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8
Q
  • primary lines of defense
  • early evolutionary development
  • nonspecific
  • natural presentat birth
  • immediately available
  • may be physical, mechanical or combination of defense mechanism
  • mechanism does not alter on repeated exposure to any specific antigen
A

innate or natural immunity

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9
Q
  • supplements protection provided by innate immunity
  • later evolutionary development-seen only in vertebrates
  • specific
  • specialized
  • acquired by contact with a specific foreign substance
  • initial contact w/ foreign substance triggers synthesis of specialized antibody proteins resulting in reactivity to that particular foreign substance.
  • memory
  • response improves w/ each successive encounter w/ the same pathogen
  • remembers the infectious agent and can prevent it from causing disease later
  • immunity to withstand and resist subsequent exposure to the same foreign substance is acquired.
A

acquired or adaptive immunity

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10
Q

________ recognize complex molecular structures on the surface of invading cells or in the secretions and fluids of the host body

A

Phagocytes

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11
Q

polymorphonuclear cells (which include ______, ______ and _____)

A

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

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12
Q

mononuclear cells (which include the ______ in plasma and the ________ in tissues)

A

monocytes ; macrophages

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13
Q

factors (antibodies and complement components) that coat pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis

A

Opsonins

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14
Q

When phagocytes ingest foreign cells and destroy them, they can become activated to release soluble polypeptide substances called ________ that have various effects on other cells of the immune and vascular systems

A

cytokines

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15
Q

Cytokines help to regulate the immune response in terms of ______, ______ and ______

A

specificity, intensity, and duration

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16
Q

three major roles in immunity of complement system

A

(1) the final lysis of abnormal and pathogenic cells via the binding of antibody,
(2) opsonization and phagocytosis, and
(3) mediation of inflammation

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17
Q

enzymes that are normally found in the plasma in a proenzyme inactive state

A

Complement Proteins

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18
Q

________ ways the complement proteins can be activated

A

Three

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19
Q

final result of complement system

A

cell lysis and inflammation

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20
Q

uses antigen-antibody binding

A

Classic pathway

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21
Q

Classic pathway is a specific activator of _______

A

complement

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22
Q

________: activates complement by recognizing polysaccharides and liposaccharides found on the surfaces of bacteria and tumor cells

A

alternative pathway

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23
Q

alternative pathway uses ______ methods of activation

A

nonspecific

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24
Q

_________ activated by mannose binding proteins bound to macrophages

A

lectin pathway

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25
Q

__________ is also a critical component of the innate IS

A

Inflammation

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26
Q

Inflammation is initiated by any type of ______ damage

A

tissue

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27
Q

inflammatory response: characterized by

A

(1) an increase in blood flow to the wounded area,
(2) increased blood vessel permeability at the site to allow for greater flow of cells,
(3) a mobilization of phagocytic cells into the site, and
(4) a possible activation of acute phase and stress response proteins at the site of tissue damage

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28
Q

_________ can result in unwanted damage to healthy tissues

A

Uncontrolled inflammation

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29
Q

_______ refers to the fact that the immunity is acquired via specific contact with a pathogen or aberrant cell

A

acquired

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30
Q

_______ refers to the ability to adapt to and destroy new complex pathogens, although it must first react to them through complex recognition processes

A

adaptive

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31
Q

Acquired IS uses _______ as specific immune effectors

A

antibodies

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32
Q

_________: antigen that an antibody is made against is sometimes referred to

A

Antithetical antigen

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33
Q

if antigen-positive RBC units are transfused in a sensitized patient, the second antibody response against the transfused cell antigens can be more vigorous, resulting in __________

A

intravascular RBC hemolysis

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34
Q

two major components of the IS

A

Cellular and Humoral Immunity

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35
Q

________ is mediated by various IS cells & Lymphokines

A

Cellular immunity

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36
Q

________: activating and deactivating different cells, which allows cells to communicate throughout the host body

A

Lymphokines

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37
Q

Lymphokines include

A

cytokines and chemokines

38
Q

________ consists of the fluid parts of the IS (antibodies and complement components found in the secretions)

A

Humoral immunity

39
Q

________: found in the gamma globulin portion (fractionation or electrophoresis)

A

Antibodies (AKA immunoglobulins)

40
Q

Antibodies bind to foreign molecules called ______.

A

antigens

41
Q

Most antigens are found on the _______ or on _______

A

surface of foreign cells ; damaged internal cells

42
Q

antigen-antibody reactions: _____

A

specific

43
Q

Only ______ reacts with one antigen, or one part (an epitope or antigenic determinant) of a complex antigen

A

one antibody

44
Q

binding reaction of antigen and antibody has often been called a _________, referring to its specific conformation

A

lock and key mechanism

45
Q

_________ inactivates the antigen and elicits a number of complicated effector mechanisms that will result in the destruction of the antigen and the cell to which it is bound

A

Antigen-antibody complex formation

46
Q

Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…

_______: membrane markers; to distinguish different types of immune system cells

A

clusters of differentiation (CD) markers

47
Q

Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…

CD are detected by ________ methods

A

immunotyping

48
Q

Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…

_________: matures in the thymus gland; responsible for making cytokines and destroying virally infected host cells

A

T lymphocyte

49
Q

Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…

__________: mature in the bone marrow; when stimulated by an antigen, evolve into plasma cells that secrete antibody

A

B lymphocytes

50
Q

Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…

____________: plays a role in immune protection against viruses.

A

Natural killer cells

51
Q

Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…

_______ are present throughout many systems of the body; responsible for antigen processing

A

Dendritic cells

52
Q

Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…

______ can also process antigens

A

Macrophages

53
Q

receptors on the cell membranes of T and B lymphocytes allow them to recognize ________ (one specific antigen) which is determined by the __________

A

foreign substances ; genetic programming of that lymphocyte

54
Q

__________: where an antigen is recognized by more than one antibody

A

Clonal selection

55
Q

In clonal selection, different cells that recognize the different epitopes of the antigen are _______

A

expanded

56
Q

_______ occurs after an antigen is encountered

A

maturation of B and T cells

57
Q

_______ functional units of the IS

A

effector cells

58
Q

_________ can persist for the lifetime of the host

A

Memory cells

59
Q

Ab secreted by mature B cells (plasma cells) and bind to antigens in a specific manner

A

B cells

60
Q

antibody factories that make large amounts of one specific type of antibody in a soluble form that remains in circulation in the ______, _______, and _______

A

plasma, body secretions, and lymphatics

61
Q

antigens are usually in soluble form in the _______

A

plasma

62
Q

Antibodies can neutralize ______ and _______ that are encountered by binding to them

A

toxic substances and antigens

63
Q

When the antigenic site is _______ because of antibody binding, it cannot interact with host cells to infect them or damage them

A

nonreactive

64
Q

Binding of antigen by antibody brings about ______ and activates the _______

A

opsonization ; complement system

65
Q

_____ recognize antigens that are internalized within a host cell

A

T cells

66
Q

In T cells, antigens are then _____ and _____ (small peptide fragments)

A

processed and presented

67
Q

____________is involved in the response against fungal and viral infections, intracellular parasites, tissue grafts, and tumors

A

T cell–mediated immunity

68
Q

T-cell receptors do not recognize foreign antigen on their own; they require help in the form of cell membrane proteins known as __________

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

69
Q

MHC genes determine the ________ present on leukocytes and other cells

A

human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

70
Q

have been known for many years to cause rejection of tissue grafts

A

MHC genes

71
Q
  • most nucleated cells in the body
  • it genes code for the HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C antigens
A

MHC class I Ag

72
Q
  • most antigen presenting cells
  • it code for HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DC antigens
A

MHC class II Ag

73
Q

important in the recognition of foreign substances and the immune reactions against them

A

MHC classes I and II

74
Q

2 major functions of T cells

A

1 produce immune mediating substances such as cytokines
2 kill cells that contain foreign antigen

75
Q

2 major categories of T cells

A

T helper cells
T cytotoxic cells

76
Q

membrane marker of TH cells

A

CD4

77
Q

have the ability to recognize antigen, along with MHC class II molecules

A

TH cells

78
Q

TH cells Provide help to B cells to evolve into ______ and make _____

A

plasma cells ; antibodies

79
Q

determine which antigens become IS targets, as well as which immune mechanisms will be used against them

A

TH cells

80
Q

membrane marker of TC cells

A

CD8

81
Q

specialized immune cells capable of antigen presentation

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells

82
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells includes

A

macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells

83
Q

different types of dendritic cells present in the ….

A

skin (Langerhans cells),
nervous tissue (glial cells),
lymph nodes,
spleen,
intestines,
liver (Kupffer cells),
bone (osteoclasts), and
thymus

84
Q

_____ first phagocytize the foreign antigen, process it internally, and then with the help of MHC molecules, present short peptide sequences of the antigen on their cell membranes

A

APCs

85
Q

_____ can then recognize the antigen in the context of MHC presentation and respond to it by the appropriate immune reaction

A

TH cells

86
Q

primary lymphoid organs:

A

thymus and bone marrow

87
Q

where immune cells differentiate and mature

A

primary lymphoid organs: thymus and bone marrow

88
Q

secondary lymphoid organs:

A

lymph nodes and spleen

89
Q

in which immune cells interact with each other and process antigens

A

secondary lymphoid organs: lymph nodes and spleen

90
Q
  • Site of maturation for T and B cells
  • Lymphocytes differentiate from stem cells, then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs
A

primary lymphoid organs: thymus and bone marrow

91
Q
  • Site of cell function for mature T and B cells
  • Cells interact with each other and with accessory cells and antigens
A

secondary lymphoid organs: lymph nodes and spleen and mucosa-associated tissues

IMMUNOHEMA OFFSEM PM (7 decks)

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