TOPIC 2 - P1 Flashcards
Most of the antigens in the various blood group systems (i.e., ABO, Rh, Kell, Kidd, etc.) generally follow straightforward inheritance patterns, usually of a ________
codominant nature.
In codominance, _____ are
expressed, and their ______ are seen at the phenotypic level.
both alleles ; gene products
_____ is the sequence of DNA that is inherited
Genotype
______ is anything that is produced by the genotype
Phenotype
_____ refers to the process by which a host organism protects itself from attacks by external and internal agents
Immunity
Immunity confers protection from ______ and _______-elements
nonself and abnormal self
- majority of blood bank testing is focused on the _____, _____ and ______ of blood group antibodies and on the _________
- Detection of _______ or _____
- self versus nonself
- prevention, detection, identification and on the typing of RBC antigens
- alloantibodies or autoantibodies
- primary lines of defense
- early evolutionary development
- nonspecific
- natural presentat birth
- immediately available
- may be physical, mechanical or combination of defense mechanism
- mechanism does not alter on repeated exposure to any specific antigen
innate or natural immunity
- supplements protection provided by innate immunity
- later evolutionary development-seen only in vertebrates
- specific
- specialized
- acquired by contact with a specific foreign substance
- initial contact w/ foreign substance triggers synthesis of specialized antibody proteins resulting in reactivity to that particular foreign substance.
- memory
- response improves w/ each successive encounter w/ the same pathogen
- remembers the infectious agent and can prevent it from causing disease later
- immunity to withstand and resist subsequent exposure to the same foreign substance is acquired.
acquired or adaptive immunity
________ recognize complex molecular structures on the surface of invading cells or in the secretions and fluids of the host body
Phagocytes
polymorphonuclear cells (which include ______, ______ and _____)
neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
mononuclear cells (which include the ______ in plasma and the ________ in tissues)
monocytes ; macrophages
factors (antibodies and complement components) that coat pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis
Opsonins
When phagocytes ingest foreign cells and destroy them, they can become activated to release soluble polypeptide substances called ________ that have various effects on other cells of the immune and vascular systems
cytokines
Cytokines help to regulate the immune response in terms of ______, ______ and ______
specificity, intensity, and duration
three major roles in immunity of complement system
(1) the final lysis of abnormal and pathogenic cells via the binding of antibody,
(2) opsonization and phagocytosis, and
(3) mediation of inflammation
enzymes that are normally found in the plasma in a proenzyme inactive state
Complement Proteins
________ ways the complement proteins can be activated
Three
final result of complement system
cell lysis and inflammation
uses antigen-antibody binding
Classic pathway
Classic pathway is a specific activator of _______
complement
________: activates complement by recognizing polysaccharides and liposaccharides found on the surfaces of bacteria and tumor cells
alternative pathway
alternative pathway uses ______ methods of activation
nonspecific
_________ activated by mannose binding proteins bound to macrophages
lectin pathway
__________ is also a critical component of the innate IS
Inflammation
Inflammation is initiated by any type of ______ damage
tissue
inflammatory response: characterized by
(1) an increase in blood flow to the wounded area,
(2) increased blood vessel permeability at the site to allow for greater flow of cells,
(3) a mobilization of phagocytic cells into the site, and
(4) a possible activation of acute phase and stress response proteins at the site of tissue damage
_________ can result in unwanted damage to healthy tissues
Uncontrolled inflammation
_______ refers to the fact that the immunity is acquired via specific contact with a pathogen or aberrant cell
acquired
_______ refers to the ability to adapt to and destroy new complex pathogens, although it must first react to them through complex recognition processes
adaptive
Acquired IS uses _______ as specific immune effectors
antibodies
_________: antigen that an antibody is made against is sometimes referred to
Antithetical antigen
if antigen-positive RBC units are transfused in a sensitized patient, the second antibody response against the transfused cell antigens can be more vigorous, resulting in __________
intravascular RBC hemolysis
two major components of the IS
Cellular and Humoral Immunity
________ is mediated by various IS cells & Lymphokines
Cellular immunity
________: activating and deactivating different cells, which allows cells to communicate throughout the host body
Lymphokines
Lymphokines include
cytokines and chemokines
________ consists of the fluid parts of the IS (antibodies and complement components found in the secretions)
Humoral immunity
________: found in the gamma globulin portion (fractionation or electrophoresis)
Antibodies (AKA immunoglobulins)
Antibodies bind to foreign molecules called ______.
antigens
Most antigens are found on the _______ or on _______
surface of foreign cells ; damaged internal cells
antigen-antibody reactions: _____
specific
Only ______ reacts with one antigen, or one part (an epitope or antigenic determinant) of a complex antigen
one antibody
binding reaction of antigen and antibody has often been called a _________, referring to its specific conformation
lock and key mechanism
_________ inactivates the antigen and elicits a number of complicated effector mechanisms that will result in the destruction of the antigen and the cell to which it is bound
Antigen-antibody complex formation
Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…
_______: membrane markers; to distinguish different types of immune system cells
clusters of differentiation (CD) markers
Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…
CD are detected by ________ methods
immunotyping
Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…
_________: matures in the thymus gland; responsible for making cytokines and destroying virally infected host cells
T lymphocyte
Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…
__________: mature in the bone marrow; when stimulated by an antigen, evolve into plasma cells that secrete antibody
B lymphocytes
Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…
____________: plays a role in immune protection against viruses.
Natural killer cells
Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…
_______ are present throughout many systems of the body; responsible for antigen processing
Dendritic cells
Cells and Organs of the Immune
System…
______ can also process antigens
Macrophages
receptors on the cell membranes of T and B lymphocytes allow them to recognize ________ (one specific antigen) which is determined by the __________
foreign substances ; genetic programming of that lymphocyte
__________: where an antigen is recognized by more than one antibody
Clonal selection
In clonal selection, different cells that recognize the different epitopes of the antigen are _______
expanded
_______ occurs after an antigen is encountered
maturation of B and T cells
_______ functional units of the IS
effector cells
_________ can persist for the lifetime of the host
Memory cells
Ab secreted by mature B cells (plasma cells) and bind to antigens in a specific manner
B cells
antibody factories that make large amounts of one specific type of antibody in a soluble form that remains in circulation in the ______, _______, and _______
plasma, body secretions, and lymphatics
antigens are usually in soluble form in the _______
plasma
Antibodies can neutralize ______ and _______ that are encountered by binding to them
toxic substances and antigens
When the antigenic site is _______ because of antibody binding, it cannot interact with host cells to infect them or damage them
nonreactive
Binding of antigen by antibody brings about ______ and activates the _______
opsonization ; complement system
_____ recognize antigens that are internalized within a host cell
T cells
In T cells, antigens are then _____ and _____ (small peptide fragments)
processed and presented
____________is involved in the response against fungal and viral infections, intracellular parasites, tissue grafts, and tumors
T cell–mediated immunity
T-cell receptors do not recognize foreign antigen on their own; they require help in the form of cell membrane proteins known as __________
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
MHC genes determine the ________ present on leukocytes and other cells
human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
have been known for many years to cause rejection of tissue grafts
MHC genes
- most nucleated cells in the body
- it genes code for the HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C antigens
MHC class I Ag
- most antigen presenting cells
- it code for HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DC antigens
MHC class II Ag
important in the recognition of foreign substances and the immune reactions against them
MHC classes I and II
2 major functions of T cells
1 produce immune mediating substances such as cytokines
2 kill cells that contain foreign antigen
2 major categories of T cells
T helper cells
T cytotoxic cells
membrane marker of TH cells
CD4
have the ability to recognize antigen, along with MHC class II molecules
TH cells
TH cells Provide help to B cells to evolve into ______ and make _____
plasma cells ; antibodies
determine which antigens become IS targets, as well as which immune mechanisms will be used against them
TH cells
membrane marker of TC cells
CD8
specialized immune cells capable of antigen presentation
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Antigen-Presenting Cells includes
macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells
different types of dendritic cells present in the ….
skin (Langerhans cells),
nervous tissue (glial cells),
lymph nodes,
spleen,
intestines,
liver (Kupffer cells),
bone (osteoclasts), and
thymus
_____ first phagocytize the foreign antigen, process it internally, and then with the help of MHC molecules, present short peptide sequences of the antigen on their cell membranes
APCs
_____ can then recognize the antigen in the context of MHC presentation and respond to it by the appropriate immune reaction
TH cells
primary lymphoid organs:
thymus and bone marrow
where immune cells differentiate and mature
primary lymphoid organs: thymus and bone marrow
secondary lymphoid organs:
lymph nodes and spleen
in which immune cells interact with each other and process antigens
secondary lymphoid organs: lymph nodes and spleen
- Site of maturation for T and B cells
- Lymphocytes differentiate from stem cells, then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs
primary lymphoid organs: thymus and bone marrow
- Site of cell function for mature T and B cells
- Cells interact with each other and with accessory cells and antigens
secondary lymphoid organs: lymph nodes and spleen and mucosa-associated tissues
