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IMMUNOHEMA OFFSEM PM > TOPIC 1 - P1 > Flashcards

TOPIC 1 - P1 Flashcards

1
Q

Advocacy and promotion of voluntary blood donation and healthy lifestyle.
Provision of whole blood and packed red cells
Storage, issuance, transport and distribution of whole blood and packed red blood cells.
Compatibility testing of red cell units, if hospital-based.

A

BLOOD STATION (BS)

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2
Q

Advocacy and promotion of voluntary blood donation and healthy lifestyle.
Recruitment, retention and care of VNRBD; Screening and selection of VNRBD.
Conduct of health education and counseling services.
Collection of blood (mobile or faciity-based) from qualified VNRBD.
Transport of blood to Blood Center (BC) for testing and processing.

A

BLOOD COLLECTION UNIT (BCU)

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3
Q

Advocacy and promotion of voluntary blood donation and healthy lifestyle.
Storage and issuance of whole blood and blood components obtained from a BC.

A

BLOOD BANK (BB)

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4
Q

IN BLOOD BANK (BB), THE FF. SHALL ALSO BE PROVIDED..

A

i . Compatibility testing of red cell units
ii . Direct Coombs test
iii . Red cell antibody screening
iv. Investigation of transfusion reactions

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5
Q

Advocacy and promotion of voluntary blood donation and healthy lifestyle.
Recruitment , retention and care of VNRBD.
Collection of blood (mobile or faciity-based) from qualified VNRBD.
Conduct health education & counseling.
Testing of units of blood for Transfusio Transmitted Infections (TTIs).
Processing and provision of WB and blood components.
Storage, issuance, transport and distribution of units of whole blood (WB) and/or blood component to the hospitals & other health facilities.

A

BLOOD CENTER (BC)

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6
Q

______: blood was taken from three young men and given to _________; unfortunately, all four died.

A

1942 ; Pope Innocent VII

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7
Q

WHAT YEAR WAS THE FIRST TIME A BLOOD TRANSFUSION WAS RECORDED IN HISTORY

A

1942

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8
Q

WHO AND WHAT YEAR WAS sodium phosphate USED as anticoagulant.

A

1869: Braxton Hicks

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9
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO discovered the ABO blood groups.

A

1901: Karl Landsteiner:

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10
Q

WHO carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin.

A

Edward E. Lindemann:

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11
Q

WHO designed syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient.

A

Unger

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12
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO used sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.

A

1914: Hustin:

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13
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.

A

1915: Lewisohn:

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14
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.

A

1916: Rous and Turner

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15
Q

WHO IS UNDER THE establishment of a system of blood banks.

A

Dr. Charles Drew:

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16
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO IS appointed director of the first American Red Cross blood bank at Presbyterian Hospital.

A

1941, DR. CHARLES DREW

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17
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO: formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD).

A

1943: Loutit and Mollison

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18
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate phosphate-dextrose (CPD)

A

1957: Gibson

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19
Q

less acidic; eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage.

A

CPD

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20
Q

Frequent transfusions and the massive use of blood soon resulted in new problems, such as circulatory overload.. these problems was solved by _______

A

Component Therapy

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21
Q

Traditionally, the amount of whole blood in a unit has been _____ mL +/–10% of blood (1 pint).

A

450

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22
Q

(current status), More recently, ____ mL +/–10% of blood are being collected.

A

500

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23
Q

(current status), Volume of anticoagulant-preservative solution being increased from ____ mL to ___ mL.

A

63 ; 70

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24
Q

(current status), in 110-pound donor, a maximum volume of ____ can be collected, including samples drawn for processing.

A

525 mL

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25
Q

(current status) Donors can replenish the fluid lost from the 1-pint donation in ____.

A

24 hours

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26
Q

(current status), Donor’s red cells are replaced within _____ after donation.

A

1 to 2 months

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27
Q

(current status), volunteer donor can donate whole blood every ____

A

8 weeks

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28
Q

then; 450 mL of blood per _____ mL anticoagulant

now; ____ mL blood per 70 mL anticoagulant

A

63 mL
500 mL

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29
Q

DATE TEST REQUIRED FOR THE FF. TESTS

Syphilis
HBsAg
anti-HBc
anti-HCV
anti-HIV-1/2

A

1950s
1971
1986
1990
1992

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30
Q

DATE TEST REQUIRED FOR THE FF. TESTS

anti-HTLV-I/II
HIV-1 (NAT)
HCV (NAT)
WEST NILE VIRUS (NAT)
anti-T.cruzi

A

1997
1999
1999
2004
2007

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31
Q

crucial for normal erythrocyte survival and function

A

1.Normal chemical composition and structure of the RBC membrane
2.Hemoglobin structure and function
3.RBC metabolism

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32
Q

(RBC Bio and Preserv) Defects in any or all of these areas will result in RBCs surviving less than the ______ in circulation.

A

normal 120 days

33
Q

RBC Membrane is ______

A

Semipermeable lipid bilayer

34
Q

main lipid components of the membrane

A

Phospholipids

35
Q

Proteins that extend from the outer surface and span the entire membrane to the inner cytoplasmic side of the RBC

A

Integral membrane proteins

36
Q

protein Beneath the lipid bilayer

A

Peripheral proteins

37
Q

Two important RBC characteristics: ______ and _____

A

deformability and permeability

38
Q

Loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (energy) levels leads to a decrease in the phosphorylation of ______ and, in turn, a loss of membrane ________.

A

spectrin ; deformability

39
Q

Accumulation or increase in deposition of membrane calcium also results, causing an increase in ________ and ________.

A

membrane rigidity ; loss of pliability

40
Q

Exemplified by the formation of “_______” (cells with a reduced surface-to-volume ratio) and “_______,” in which the removal of a portion of membrane has left a permanent indentation in the remaining cell membrane.

A

spherocytes ; bite cells

41
Q

(RBC Permeability) Freely permeable to _____ and _________ and ______ & impermeable to cations such as _____ and ______

A

water and anions chloride (Cl–) and bicarbonate (HCO3–)

; sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+).

42
Q

Erythrocyte intracellular-to-extracellular ratios for Na+ and K+ are ____ and ______, respectively.

A

1:12 and 25:1

43
Q

control these pumps and to prevent excessive intracellular Ca2+ buildup.

A

Calmodulin

44
Q

PW that produce ATP are mainly _____

45
Q

3 PW that serve to maintain the structure and function of hemoglobin

A

Pentose phosphate pathway
Methemoglobin reductase pathway
Luebering-Rapoport shunt

46
Q

________ has a significant effect on the affinity of Hb for oxygen and therefore affects how well RBCs function post-transfusion.

A

amount of 2,3-DPG found within RBCs

47
Q

PW that permits the accumulation of an important RBC organic phosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG).

A

Luebering-Rapoport shunt

48
Q

Conformation of the deoxyHb molecule is known as the ______: due to ______ by Hb, binding of 2,3-DPG.

A

tense (T) form ; unloading of oxygen

49
Q

_____ form of the hemoglobin molecule: Hb loads oxygen (oxyHb), expelling 2,3-DPG.

A

Relaxed (R)

50
Q

Relaxed (R) form has ______ affinity for oxygen

51
Q

______ allosteric changes that occur as the hemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen.

A

Respiratory movement

52
Q

Normal position of the oxygen dissociation curve depends on ______

A

3 different ligands

53
Q

Shift to the right: ____

54
Q

Shift to the left: multiple transfusions of _________

A

2,3-DPG–depleted stored blood.

55
Q

Goal: to provide viable and functional blood components for patients requiring blood transfusion.

A

RBC PRESERVATION

56
Q

2 criteria are used to evaluate new _______ and _____

A

preservation solutions ; storage containers

57
Q

_____ is a measure of in vivo RBC survival following transfusion.

A

RBC viability

58
Q

FDA requires an average _____ post-transfusion RBC survival of more than ___.

A

24-hour ; 75%

59
Q

FDA Mandates that red cell integrity be maintained throughout the shelf-life of the stored RBCs.

assessed as free Hb less than ______.

A

1% of total Hb

60
Q

blood is stored: _____

A

1°C - 6°C

61
Q

220 to 250 mg of iron = _________

A

one RBC unit

62
Q

_____, was incorporated in an attempt to stimulate glycolysis so that ATP levels were better maintained

63
Q

CPD solution + Adenine = ________

64
Q

increases ADP levels, thereby driving glycolysis toward the synthesis of ATP

65
Q

(CPDA-1) ___ mM of adenine plus ____ more glucose than CPD

_____ days

A

0.25 ; 25% ; 35 days

66
Q

NAME AND DAYS FOR:

ACD-A
CPD
CP2D
CPDA-1

A

Acid Citrate Dextrose (formula A) = 21 days

Citrate Phosphate Dextrose = 21 days

Citrate Phosphate Double-Dextrose = 21 days

Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine = 35 days

67
Q

in RBC preservation, factors may limit the ______ of transfused RBCs.

68
Q

in RBC preservation, ________ used for the storage container

A

plastic material

69
Q

in RBC preservation, must be sufficiently permeable to ____ in order to maintain higher pH levels during storage.

70
Q

in RBC preservation, Majority used: _______ plastic bags

A

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

71
Q

CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS

function: chelates calcium, prevents clotting

A

citrate (sodium citrate or citric acid)

72
Q

CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS

citrate (sodium citrate or citric acid) is present in

A

ACD-A
CPD
CP2D
CPDA-1

73
Q

CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS

function: maintains pH during storage; necessary for maintenance of adequate levels of 2,3-DPG

A

Monobasic sodium phosphate

74
Q

CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS

Monobasic sodium phosphate is present in

A

ACD-A
CPD
CP2D
CPDA-1

75
Q

CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS

function: substrate for ATP production (cellular energy)

76
Q

CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS

dextrose is present in

A

ACD-A
CPD
CP2D
CPDA-1

77
Q

CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS

function: production of ATP (extends shelf-life from 21 to 35 days)

78
Q

CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS

Adenine is present in

IMMUNOHEMA OFFSEM PM (7 decks)

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