Topic 2 - Organisation - Non-communicable diseases

Question 1

What is a tumour?

Answer 1

A tumour is a mass of abnormal cells that form when cells divide uncontrollably

Question 2

What are the two types of tumour?

Answer 2

Malignant and benign

Question 3

What is a benign tumour?

Answer 3

1. Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells contained in one place, usually within a membrane
2. They do not invade other parts of the body
3. It is non-cancerous
4. It can still be harmful if it grows large enough to put pressure on organs
5. E.g benign tumours on the brain can be very dangerous because there is no extra space for them to grow into

Question 4

What is a malignant tumour?

Answer 4

1. A malignant tumour is a cancerous tumour that grows very quickly and spreads in the body
2. They invade neighbouring healthy tissues
3. The initial tumour may break up, releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system
4. They are carried around the body and may causes a secondary tumour on another organ

Question 5

What are carcinogens?

Answer 5

Substances capable of causing cancer in living tissue

Question 6

What are the causes of cancer?

Answer 6

1. Some people inherit faulty genes that increase cancer risk for some cancers e.g. breast cancer
2. Most cancers are the result of mutations. Chemicals such as asbestos and the tar found in tobacco smoke can cause mutations that trigger the formation of tumours
3. These cancer-causing agents are called carcinogens
4. Ionising radiation such as UV lights and X-rays. Exposure to UV light from the sun can result in melanomas

Question 7

How does chemicals in tobacco smoke affect the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 7

1. The cillia in the trachea and bronchi that move mucus, bacteria and dirt away from the lungs are anaesthetised by some of the chemicals in tobacco smoke
2. This means they stop working for a time, allowing dirt and pathogens down the lungs increasing the risk of infection

Question 8

How does tar in tobacco smoke affect the lungs?

Answer 8

1. Turns the lungs from pink to grey
2. Makes smokers much more likely to develop bronchitis
3. Can lead to a breakdown in the structure of alveoli, causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
4. Tar is a carcinogen, it increases the risk of lung cancer

Question 9

How does smoking affect the heart?

Answer 9

1. Smoking narrows the blood vessels in your skin, ageing it
2. Nicotine makes the heart-rate increase while other chemicals damage the lining of arteries, making CHD more likely

Question 10

What is type 1 diabeties?

Answer 10

1. The pancreas does not produce insulin
2. Genetic

Question 11

What is type 2 diabeties?

Answer 11

1. Your pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or your cells stop responding to insulin
2. linked to obesity, lack of exercise, and poor diet

Question 12

How to prevent type 2 diabeties?

Answer 12

1. Eating a balanced diet with controlled amounts of carbohydrates
2. Regular exercise