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S295 The Biology of Survival > Topic 2 Migration > Flashcards

Topic 2 Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some of the differences that could be seen between migratory patterns?

A
  • Seasonal or not seasonal
    • Round trip carried out by an individual or over multiple generations
  • Direct of with stop-offs
  • Destination used for hibernation, birthing, or both
  • A learnt journey or lead by other signals
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2
Q

What is Telemetry?

A

A process in which individuals are tagged with satellite transmitters that encode position data on a radio sinal to collect data remotely. Often used in migration studies.

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3
Q

Define the term ‘Migration’

A

The movement from one habitat to another.

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4
Q

What physical property affects how an organism moves and the amount of energy they must exert?

A

The physical properties of the fluid they are moving through (e.g., water, air)

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5
Q

What does the viscosity of water cause when an organism is moving through it?

A

Drag

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6
Q

What are the two types of drag that occur when moving in water?

A
  • Pressure drag (frontal area of organism)
  • Skin friction drag (surface area of organism)
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7
Q

What is the most influencial force that contributes to the energetic costs of an animal when using air locomotion?

A

Gravity

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8
Q

What three things would need to be known about a bird to calculate it’s energy cost for air locomotion?

A
  • Force produced by flight muscles
  • How much each muscle shortens
  • Rate of wing beat
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9
Q

What is partial migration?

A

Where some members of a population remain in the same breeding area whilst others of the population migrate overwinter.

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10
Q

Birds time their arrival to the breeding area to correlate with what?

A

An abundance of food in the breeding area.

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11
Q

What axis is migration mostly observed on?

A

North-South axis

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12
Q

Would bird species in seasonal environments be more or less likely to be migratory? Why?

A
  • More likely
  • Variation in food availability by season
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13
Q

Travelling overland and within continents is migratory behaviour seen in what type of migratory birds?

A

Short-distance migrants

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14
Q

Crossing seas, travelling between different continents, and using a flyway is migratory behaviour seen in what type of migratory birds?

A

Long-distance migrants

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15
Q

Give one example of a short-distance migratory bird.

A

Waxwings (Birds from Bombycilla genus)

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16
Q

Give one example of a long-distance migratory bird.

A

Common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)

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17
Q

What are the three main flyways that are used by long-distance migratory birds?

A
  • The Americas flyway
  • The African-Eurasion flyway
  • The East Asian-Australasian flyway
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18
Q

Define ‘Adaptation’.

A

A trait of an organism that increases it’s chances of survival and reproduction within a particular environment.

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19
Q

Define ‘Natural Selection’.

A

The differential survival and reproduction between individuals based on their particular phenotypes/traits

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20
Q

What process drives evolution?

A

Natural selection

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21
Q

What three things need to exist in a group of organisms for natural selection to occur?

A
  • A heritable genetic code
  • A struggle for survival
  • Variation between individuals in terms of phenotypes
22
Q

What are the three types of natural selection?

A
  • Directional selection
  • Stabilising selection
  • Disruptive selection
23
Q

Describe directional selection.

What it is, population curve, mean/median, evolutionary impact

A

Indidividuals of a population with an extreme of the phenotypic range are are favoured.
Population frequency curve regarding phenotype is shifted in a single direction.
Changes mean of phenotype
Dramatic evolutionary impact - can lead to speciation

24
Q

Describe stabilising selection?

What it is, population curve, mean/median, evolutionary impact

A
  • Individuals with intermediate variants in the phenotypic range are favoured
  • Population frequency curve stabilises
  • Maintains mean/ refines phenotype
  • Non-dramatic evolutionary impact
25
Q

Describe disruptive selection.

What it is, population curve, mean/median, evolutionary impact

A
  • Individuals with the smallest and largest values of the phenotypic range are favoured
  • 2 peaks are formed on the population frequency curve (M-shape)
  • Changes mean and/or median
  • Dramatic evolutionary impact - can lead to speciation
26
Q

Which types of natural selection are more likely to cause speciation?

A

Directional selection and Disruptive selection.

27
Q

Name and define two types of migratory behaviour?

A
  • Obligate migration | Aspects of migratory behaviour are under genetic control mediated by changes in day length
  • Facultative migration / irruptive migration | Migration is a direct response to conditions
28
Q

What are some characteristics of obligate migrants and their migration?

A
    • Consistent sacricity of food in winter in breeding areas
    • Leave before food runs out
    • Consisten timing, direction, and distance
    • Consistent behaviour
    • Long distance
29
Q

What are some characteristics of facultative migrants and their migration?

A
  • Food available in winter varies
  • Variation in number of individuals that migrate
  • Variable distances, timing, and direction
  • Variable behaviour
  • Short distances
30
Q

What is the most common migratory pattern of all migratory animals?

A

Partial migration

31
Q

If individuals within a bird population began to show migratory behaviour, and this increased their overall fitness, what would you expect to see over the next few generations of the population?

A

The entire population becoming migratory

32
Q

What is the scientific name for the Blackcap?

A

Sylvia atricapilla

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33
Q

What is migratory restlessness?

A

A behaviour seen in which birds in captivity mimic migratory behaviour seen in wild birds.

34
Q

What is migratory inclination?

A

The predisposition of individuals to migrate or stay sedentary.

35
Q

Crossing of migratory and sedentary birds showed what?

A

Migratory inclination can be bred into non-migratory birds and therefore must have a genetic component.

36
Q

Name some changes seen in migratory behaviour of birds and what factors may be driving these?

A

Changes:
- Later departures in autumn
- Early arrival in spring
- Shortened distances
- Changes in overwintering grounds & direction

Factors:
- Warmer winters (climate change?)
- Availability of garden plants with winter fruit
- Humans feeding birds
- Saving energy and time (shorter distances)
- Earlier breeding may increase fitness

37
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

An organisms physiological processes that regulate an optimal internal environment.

38
Q

Name some of the aspects of physiology that are regulated.

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Concentrations
  • Osmotic pressure
  • Redox potentials
39
Q

When would a homeostatic response occur?

A

If a change in the external environment deviates the internal environment from optimal.

40
Q

What are endotherms?

A

Organisms that internally maintain a constant body temperature.

41
Q

What are ectotherms?

A

Organisms with an internal temperature that relies on external sources.

42
Q

What type of organisms can tolerate a substantial lowering of body temperature?

A

Ectotherms

43
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The energy used by an organism over a particular unit of time.

44
Q

What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

The amount of energy used by an endothermic organism whilst at rest that maintains basic cell function.

45
Q

Basal metabolic rate can only occur in what zone?

A

The thermoneutral zone (range of temperatures in which BMR can be maintained)

46
Q

What effect does extremely high or low temperatures have on enzyme activity?

A
  • High temperatures (hyperthermia) may lead to denaturation of enzymes
  • Low temperatures (hypothermia) reduces the enzyme activity, and therefore enzyme-mediated reactions also decrease
47
Q

When under the most physiological stress, what type of metabolic rate is occuring?

A

Summit metabolic rate

48
Q

Give 3 examples of ways birds ensure energy is available for migration?

A
  • Avoid cold and heat stress | preserve energy
  • Pre migratory fattening with lipids (produce water when metabolised)
  • Panting | reduces body temperature
  • Flying at higher altitudes | cooler temperature
  • Changing feather covering and fat layers | reduce energy used for thermoregulation
  • Huddling | especially at cold stopovers, conserve heat energy
  • Controlled hypothermia | reduces energy expenditure and rebuilds atrophied tissue
49
Q

What three internal compasses do birds have that help them navigate directionally during migration?

A
  • Magnetic
  • Stars
  • Sun
50
Q

Desribe how birds use magnetoreception?

A
  • Cryptochromes (photoreceptors) in their eyes can detect the orienation of magnetic field lines.
  • Iron-rich structures in the beak responds to changes in magnetic field intensity
51
Q

What do birds need to be able to use their internal star compass?

A
  • A clear sky
  • Experience of the night sky previously
52
Q

What 2 roles does the Sun have in bird migration?

A
  • Helps deduce direction (limited)
  • Regulates internal clock

S295 The Biology of Survival (13 decks)

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