Topic 1 Interdependence Flashcards
What is mutualism?
A symbiotic relationhsip between organisms of different species.
What is an insect?
Any organism contained within the Class ‘Insecta’.
What are the four main groups of insects?
- Beetles
- Moths and butterflies
- Flies
- Ants, bees, and wasps
Name the three components of an adult insect body?
- Head
-Thorax (with 6 legs attached) - Abdomen
What is the term for an insect with wings?
Pterygota
What is the term for an insect without wings?
Apterygota
What is an endopterygota?
An insect with internally developing wings (and other adult parts)
What is an exopterygota?
An insect with externally developing wings (and other adult parts)
What is a phylogeny?
A ‘tree’ looking diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between different organism groups.
What is a lineage?
The line of evolutionary descent
What is a clade?
All descendants of a single common ancestor
What are sister clades?
Clades that emerge from the same branching event
If a particular group of organisms all are from a single clade, what type of group is this?
Monophyletic
What is a paraphyletic group?
A group of organisms with a common ancestor, minus one of more subsidary clades
What does a node show on a phologeny?
Last common ancestor of lineages produced by the shown` speciation event
What is the term for all flowering plants?
Angiosperms
Name three characteristics of angiosperms.
- product seeds with specialised food store (endosperm) usually within a fruit
- contain a vascular system
- floral structures
What do the suffixes -ea and -ae indicate when looking at insects?
-ea | super family
-ae | Insect family
what does the suffix -ales and -aceae indicate in terms of plants?
-ales | A plant order
-aceae | A plant family
What is the taxonomy hierarchy?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
(Do Keep Pond Clean Or Frogs Get Sick)
What is coevolution?
When evolutionary changes in a species influence and are influenced by changes in a different species.
What are the two types of interaction seen in coevolutionary interactions?
Mutualistic | Both species benefit (e.g., pilot fish and sharks)
Non-mutualistic | Only one species benefits (eg., pandas and bamboo)
What is mimicry?
A form of co-evolution where one species evolves characteristics that mimics the other.
What is mimicry?
A form of co-evolution where one species evolves characteristics that mimics the other. W
What is mimicry?
A form of co-evolution where one species evolves characteristics that mimics the other.
What are the two types of mimicry?
Batesian | non toxic species mimicking a toxic species to benefit from predator avoidance.
Müllerian | A toxic species mimicking another toxic species to gain more benefit in the form of predator avoidance.
What is convergent evolution?
The independent evolution of similar characteristics (e.g., wings in bats and birds)
What is communication?
The transfer of information
What does an organisms ability to communicate depend on?
It’s ability to detect it’s environment
Name 4 mthods of communication seen in nature:
- Low frequency sounds
- High frequency sounds
- Volatile organic chemicals
- Physical movement
What does statistically significant mean?
Statistical significance quantifies the chance that the result has occured through chance or other factors.
What does it mean for a result to be significantly significant?
The probability of the results occuring by chance being less than 0.05
What is the t-test?
A statistical test to determine if there is a significant difference between two means of separate samples when compared with a null hypothesis of no difference.
To be used with normally distributed data.
What corresponds to a larger value of t when using the t-test?
A larger value of t means it is less likely that the null hypothesis is true
How do you calculate the degree of freedom?
Degree of freedom = total number of samples taken - number of groups
What must the t value obtained in the t-test be compared against?
The critical value of t which is defined the the value of t corresponding to a specified level of significance (p-value) (p=0.05 normally)
What is the excel function to input degree of freedom and t-value to calculate critical value of t?
T.INV.2T
If the value of t is greater than the critical value of t what can be rejected and determined?
The null hypothesis can be rejected
It can be determined that the samples are significantly different
What diagram is best used to look at a relationship or association between two sets of data?
Scatter diagram
What type of statistical test would be used to look for significant differences between the medians of two samples with no assumption of distribution in the data?
The Mann Whitney U-test
What are the 3 steps of the Mann Whitney U-Test?
- Calculate U for each sample
- Take lowest value of the two and compare to the critical value (found in a table)
- If the test statistic is smaller than the critical value it can be determined the differences are significant
What is foraging?
The process of searching for a suitable source to provide the organism with nutrients and energy.
What do foragers often rely on?
Concentration gradients of desired nutrients.
Name the direct and indirect ways ants can acquire food from plants?
Directly
- nectar
-proteins from beltian bodies in acacias
- parts of seeds
Indirectly
- using plant parts to cultivate fungi
- taking honeydew from aphids
