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S295 The Biology of Survival > Topic 1 Interdependence > Flashcards

Topic 1 Interdependence Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A symbiotic relationhsip between organisms of different species.

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2
Q

What is an insect?

A

Any organism contained within the Class ‘Insecta’.

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3
Q

What are the four main groups of insects?

A
  • Beetles
  • Moths and butterflies
  • Flies
  • Ants, bees, and wasps
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4
Q

Name the three components of an adult insect body?

A
  • Head
    -Thorax (with 6 legs attached)
  • Abdomen
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5
Q

What is the term for an insect with wings?

A

Pterygota

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6
Q

What is the term for an insect without wings?

A

Apterygota

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7
Q

What is an endopterygota?

A

An insect with internally developing wings (and other adult parts)

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8
Q

What is an exopterygota?

A

An insect with externally developing wings (and other adult parts)

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9
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

A ‘tree’ looking diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between different organism groups.

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10
Q

What is a lineage?

A

The line of evolutionary descent

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11
Q

What is a clade?

A

All descendants of a single common ancestor

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12
Q

What are sister clades?

A

Clades that emerge from the same branching event

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13
Q

If a particular group of organisms all are from a single clade, what type of group is this?

A

Monophyletic

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14
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group of organisms with a common ancestor, minus one of more subsidary clades

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15
Q

What does a node show on a phologeny?

A

Last common ancestor of lineages produced by the shown` speciation event

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16
Q

What is the term for all flowering plants?

A

Angiosperms

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17
Q

Name three characteristics of angiosperms.

A
  • product seeds with specialised food store (endosperm) usually within a fruit
  • contain a vascular system
  • floral structures
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18
Q

What do the suffixes -ea and -ae indicate when looking at insects?

A

-ea | super family

-ae | Insect family

19
Q

what does the suffix -ales and -aceae indicate in terms of plants?

A

-ales | A plant order

-aceae | A plant family

20
Q

What is the taxonomy hierarchy?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

(Do Keep Pond Clean Or Frogs Get Sick)

21
Q

What is coevolution?

A

When evolutionary changes in a species influence and are influenced by changes in a different species.

22
Q

What are the two types of interaction seen in coevolutionary interactions?

A

Mutualistic | Both species benefit (e.g., pilot fish and sharks)

Non-mutualistic | Only one species benefits (eg., pandas and bamboo)

23
Q

What is mimicry?

A

A form of co-evolution where one species evolves characteristics that mimics the other.

24
Q

What is mimicry?

A

A form of co-evolution where one species evolves characteristics that mimics the other. W

25
Q

What is mimicry?

A

A form of co-evolution where one species evolves characteristics that mimics the other.

26
Q

What are the two types of mimicry?

A

Batesian | non toxic species mimicking a toxic species to benefit from predator avoidance.

Müllerian | A toxic species mimicking another toxic species to gain more benefit in the form of predator avoidance.

27
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The independent evolution of similar characteristics (e.g., wings in bats and birds)

28
Q

What is communication?

A

The transfer of information

29
Q

What does an organisms ability to communicate depend on?

A

It’s ability to detect it’s environment

30
Q

Name 4 mthods of communication seen in nature:

A
  • Low frequency sounds
  • High frequency sounds
  • Volatile organic chemicals
  • Physical movement
31
Q

What does statistically significant mean?

A

Statistical significance quantifies the chance that the result has occured through chance or other factors.

32
Q

What does it mean for a result to be significantly significant?

A

The probability of the results occuring by chance being less than 0.05

33
Q

What is the t-test?

A

A statistical test to determine if there is a significant difference between two means of separate samples when compared with a null hypothesis of no difference.
To be used with normally distributed data.

34
Q

What corresponds to a larger value of t when using the t-test?

A

A larger value of t means it is less likely that the null hypothesis is true

35
Q

How do you calculate the degree of freedom?

A

Degree of freedom = total number of samples taken - number of groups

36
Q

What must the t value obtained in the t-test be compared against?

A

The critical value of t which is defined the the value of t corresponding to a specified level of significance (p-value) (p=0.05 normally)

37
Q

What is the excel function to input degree of freedom and t-value to calculate critical value of t?

A

T.INV.2T

38
Q

If the value of t is greater than the critical value of t what can be rejected and determined?

A

The null hypothesis can be rejected
It can be determined that the samples are significantly different

39
Q

What diagram is best used to look at a relationship or association between two sets of data?

A

Scatter diagram

40
Q

What type of statistical test would be used to look for significant differences between the medians of two samples with no assumption of distribution in the data?

A

The Mann Whitney U-test

41
Q

What are the 3 steps of the Mann Whitney U-Test?

A
  1. Calculate U for each sample
  2. Take lowest value of the two and compare to the critical value (found in a table)
  3. If the test statistic is smaller than the critical value it can be determined the differences are significant
42
Q

What is foraging?

A

The process of searching for a suitable source to provide the organism with nutrients and energy.

43
Q

What do foragers often rely on?

A

Concentration gradients of desired nutrients.

44
Q

Name the direct and indirect ways ants can acquire food from plants?

A

Directly
- nectar
-proteins from beltian bodies in acacias
- parts of seeds

Indirectly
- using plant parts to cultivate fungi
- taking honeydew from aphids

S295 The Biology of Survival (13 decks)

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