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S295 The Biology of Survival > Topic 1 Interdependence > Flashcards

Topic 1 Interdependence Flashcards

1
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A symbiotic relationhsip between organisms of different species.

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2
Q

What is an insect?

A

Any organism contained within the Class ‘Insecta’.

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3
Q

What are the four main groups of insects?

A
  • Beetles
  • Moths and butterflies
  • Flies
  • Ants, bees, and wasps
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4
Q

Name the three components of an adult insect body?

A
  • Head
    -Thorax (with 6 legs attached)
  • Abdomen
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5
Q

What is the term for an insect with wings?

A

Pterygota

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6
Q

What is the term for an insect without wings?

A

Apterygota

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7
Q

What is an endopterygota?

A

An insect with internally developing wings (and other adult parts)

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8
Q

What is an exopterygota?

A

An insect with externally developing wings (and other adult parts)

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9
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

A ‘tree’ looking diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between different organism groups.

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10
Q

What is a lineage?

A

The line of evolutionary descent

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11
Q

What is a clade?

A

All descendants of a single common ancestor

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12
Q

What are sister clades?

A

Clades that emerge from the same branching event

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13
Q

If a particular group of organisms all are from a single clade, what type of group is this?

A

Monophyletic

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14
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group of organisms with a common ancestor, minus one of more subsidary clades

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15
Q

What does a node show on a phologeny?

A

Last common ancestor of lineages produced by the shown` speciation event

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16
Q

What is the term for all flowering plants?

A

Angiosperms

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17
Q

Name three characteristics of angiosperms.

A
  • product seeds with specialised food store (endosperm) usually within a fruit
  • contain a vascular system
  • floral structures
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18
Q

What do the suffixes -ea and -ae indicate when looking at insects?

A

-ea | super family

-ae | Insect family

19
Q

what does the suffix -ales and -aceae indicate in terms of plants?

A

-ales | A plant order

-aceae | A plant family

20
Q

What is the taxonomy hierarchy?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

(Do Keep Pond Clean Or Frogs Get Sick)

21
Q

What is coevolution?

A

When evolutionary changes in a species influence and are influenced by changes in a different species.

22
Q

What are the two types of interaction seen in coevolutionary interactions?

A

Mutualistic | Both species benefit (e.g., pilot fish and sharks)

Non-mutualistic | Only one species benefits (eg., pandas and bamboo)

23
Q

What is mimicry?

A

A form of co-evolution where one species evolves characteristics that mimics the other.

24
Q

What is mimicry?

A

A form of co-evolution where one species evolves characteristics that mimics the other. W

25
What is mimicry?
A form of co-evolution where one species evolves characteristics that mimics the other.
26
What are the two types of mimicry?
Batesian | non toxic species mimicking a toxic species to benefit from predator avoidance. Müllerian | A toxic species mimicking another toxic species to gain more benefit in the form of predator avoidance.
27
What is convergent evolution?
The independent evolution of similar characteristics (e.g., wings in bats and birds)
28
What is communication?
The transfer of information
29
What does an organisms ability to communicate depend on?
It's ability to detect it's environment
30
Name 4 mthods of communication seen in nature:
- Low frequency sounds - High frequency sounds - Volatile organic chemicals - Physical movement
31
What does statistically significant mean?
Statistical significance quantifies the chance that the result has occured through chance or other factors.
32
What does it mean for a result to be significantly significant?
The probability of the results occuring by chance being less than 0.05
33
What is the t-test?
A statistical test to determine if there is a significant difference between two means of separate samples when compared with a null hypothesis of no difference. To be used with normally distributed data.
34
What corresponds to a larger value of t when using the t-test?
A larger value of t means it is less likely that the null hypothesis is true
35
How do you calculate the degree of freedom?
Degree of freedom = total number of samples taken - number of groups
36
What must the t value obtained in the t-test be compared against?
The critical value of t which is defined the the value of t corresponding to a specified level of significance (p-value) (p=0.05 normally)
37
What is the excel function to input degree of freedom and t-value to calculate critical value of t?
T.INV.2T
38
If the value of t is greater than the critical value of t what can be rejected and determined?
The null hypothesis can be rejected It can be determined that the samples are significantly different
39
What diagram is best used to look at a relationship or association between two sets of data?
Scatter diagram
40
What type of statistical test would be used to look for significant differences between the medians of two samples with no assumption of distribution in the data?
The Mann Whitney U-test
41
What are the 3 steps of the Mann Whitney U-Test?
1. Calculate U for each sample 2. Take lowest value of the two and compare to the critical value (found in a table) 3. If the test statistic is smaller than the critical value it can be determined the differences are significant
42
What is foraging?
The process of searching for a suitable source to provide the organism with nutrients and energy.
43
What do foragers often rely on?
Concentration gradients of desired nutrients.
44
Name the direct and indirect ways ants can acquire food from plants?
Directly - nectar -proteins from beltian bodies in acacias - parts of seeds Indirectly - using plant parts to cultivate fungi - taking honeydew from aphids

S295 The Biology of Survival (13 decks)

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