TOPIC 2: Methods of Analysis and Pharmacopeia Flashcards
1
Q
4 Classification of Analysis
A
Based on sample size
Based on the extent of determination
Based on nature of methods
Based on materials used
2
Q
< 1 mg sample size
A
Ultramicroanalysis
3
Q
1mg - 10mg sample size
A
Microanalysis
4
Q
10mg - 100mg
A
Semi-microanalysis
5
Q
100mg - 1g
A
Macroanalysis
6
Q
Faster type of analysis
A
Ultramicroanalysis
Microanalysis
Semi-microanalysis
7
Q
Proximate analysis is?
A
General
8
Q
Total amount of a class or a group of active plant principles in a given sample.
Ex: Carbohydrates and Proteins (amino acids)
A
Proximate analysis
9
Q
Composition of a mixture of different compounds.
A
Proximate analysis
10
Q
Proximate analysis have _____ accuracy.
A
Low
11
Q
Ultimate analysis is?
A
Specific
12
Q
Amount of a specific constituent or a single chemical species present in the sample.
A
Ultimate analysis
13
Q
Elemental composition of a chemical compound.
A
Ultimate analysis
14
Q
Ultimate analysis have _____ accuracy.
A
High
15
Q
3 Methods of Analysis
A
Classical Method
Instrumental Method
Miscellaneous / Special Method
16
Q
Under Volumetric Method
A
Acid-base titration
Precipitation
Complexometric
Redox
17
Q
Under Gravimetric Method
A
Direct
Indirect
18
Q
Under Optical Method
A
Spectrophotometry
Polarimetry
Nephelometry
Turbidimetry
Raman scattering
19
Q
Under Electroanalytical Method
A
Potentiometry
Voltammetry
Conductometry
Coulometry
20
Q
Under Classical Method
A
Volumetric
Gravimetric
21
Q
Under Instrumental Method
A
Optical
Electroanalytical
Thermal
22
Q
Classical Method is also known as?
A
General / Chemical / Wet / Stoichiometric Method
23
Q
Classical Method uses ?
A
reagents
24
Q
Types of Quantitative Analysis
A
Volumetric Analysis
Gravimetric Analysis
25
It is an analysis involving the measurement of VOLUME of a solution of known concentration required to react with the desired constituent.
Volumetric Analysis
26
It is an analysis involving the accurate measurement of WEIGHT by making it react quantitatively with another substance usually a precipitant.
Gravimetric Analysis
27
Gravimetric in Latin?
gravitas
28
Most common method is precision.
Gravimetric Analysis
29
Instrumental method is more accurate because of?
calibrated instruments
30
This method is based on specific physical or chemical properties of the analyte.
Instrumental Method
31
Examples of Instrumental Method
Spectrometry (most common)
Polarimetry
Chromatography
32
Most common instrumental method?
Spectrometry
33
This method is based upon the measurement of the interaction of the molecules with electromagnetic radiation/light.
Optical Method
34
Optical method is also known as the ______________ method of analysis.
physicochemical method of analysis
35
Amount of light absorbed.
Spectrophotometry
36
Defined as the process of separation of the individual components of a mixture based on their relative affinities towards stationary and mobile phases.
Chromatography
37
Equipment has detectors that follows the rule of ?
Spectrometry
38
Example of Chromatography
HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography)
39
Measurement of the angle of rotation of the plane of polarized light/ amount of light rotated.
Polarimetry
40
Measurement of bending of light.
Refractometry
41
Works by measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amps) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte.
Electrochemical methods
42
Example of Electrochemical Method
Potentiometry (pH meters)
43
Refers to group of techniques in which a physical property of a substance is measured as a function of temperature while the substance is subjected to a controlled temperature program.
Thermal Method
44
Example of Thermal method is _________________ (uses temperature by measuring the difference in weight BEFORE and AFTER heating samples.
Thermogravimetric analysis
45
Difference in weight in thermogravimetric analysis is equal to?
Difference in weight = loss amount of moisture
46
Involves the crude drugs and other natural products.
Miscellaneous / Special Method
47
Not common test on chemical drugs.
Miscellaneous / Special Method
48
Examples of Miscellaneous or Special Method
Acid value
Ash content
Water content
49
Based on the materials used
Chemical =
Titrimetric method
50
Based on the materials used
Physical =
Instruments and special apparatuses
51
Based on the materials used
Biological =
Use of microorganism and animals and parts thereof
52
Examples of Biological Methods/Assay
Rabbit - assay of Insulin and Tubocurarine
Cat - assay of Glucagon inj.
Pigeon - assay of Digoxin
Chicken - assay of Oxytocin
53
Lowers blood sugar.
Insulin
54
Used as muscle relaxant.
Tubocurarine
55
Increases blood sugar.
Glucagon
56
Used to increase pumping of heart.
Digoxin
57
Oxytocin hormone is present to stimulate ________________ during labor / to prevent bleeding.
uterine contraction
58
Fever causing substance.
Pyrogen
59
References used for decision making for analysis.
Drug References
60
Approved sources of guidelines for drug quality required by certain practitioners or agencies.
Official Compendia
61
Pharmacopoeia is created from two Greek words ?
pharmakon (drug) & poiein (to make)
62
Comprises LIST of pharmaceutical substances, formula along with their description and standards.
Pharmacopoeia
63
Philippine Pharmacopeia consists of ____ volumes.
2 volumes
64
Volume 1 focuses more on?
Chemical drugs
65
Volume 2 focuses more on?
Crude drugs
66
Drugs that undergone the
process of collection and drying.
Crude drugs
67
Creation to signing of the first Philippine Pharmacopeia in cooperation with the Japanese Government through the initiatives of Dr. Conrado S Dayrit and Prof Akira Hamada.
1996
68
Creation Pharmacopeia Organization for preparation and publication of the Phil Pharmacopeia thru Department Order 216
1999
69
Declaring and adopting the Phil Pharmacopeia as the Official book of Standards and Reference for Pharmaceutical Products and Crude plant drugs in the Philippines.
2004
70
British Pharmacopeia
Medical Act of 1858 published the first COMBINED Pharmacopeia (London, Edinburgh and Dublin)
1864
71
British Pharmacopeia
BP edition included monographs of materials used for Traditional Chinese medicines
2007
72
British Pharmacopeia
Revision is annual and is made official every 1st of January each year.
2008 - present
73
Date when Japan Pharmacopeia was published.
June 25, 1886
74
International Pharmacopeia was published in the year ______ by WHO in cooperation with United Nations.
1951
75
European Pharmacopeia
1969
76
The first American formulary compiled by Gen William Brown was so called "____________," published at Lititz, Pennsylvania, for use by the Military Hospital of the United States Army.
Lititz Pharmacopeia, 1778
77
The first US Pharmacopeia through the efforts of :Dr. Lyman Spalding, Dr. Samuel Mitchill and Dr. Jacob Bigelow.
1820
78
In 1888, First National Formulary was published by ?
American Pharmacists Association
79
President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the first Federal Pure Food and Drug Act and changed the title to National Formulary, designating both USP and NF as establishing legal standards for medical and pharmaceutic substances.
1906
80
USP acquires NF and Drug standards Laboratory from APhA.
1975
81
First combined USP-NF was published.
1980
82
USP revised and published annually, made official every 1st of May each year.
2000
83
_____ onwards, USP-NF is available only in ONLINE format.
2020
84
Last print edition of USP-NF
USP 43- NF 38
85
The section which presents the basic assumptions, definitions, and default conditions for the interpretation and application of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the National Formulary (NF).
General Notices Section
86
General Notices: Topics
1. Monographs and General chapters
2. Monograph components
3. Testing practices and procedures
4. Test results
5. Terms and definitions
6. Prescribing and dispensing
7. Preservation, packaging, storage and labeling
87
What general chapter?
Physical tests and determinations, microbiological tests, Chemical tests and assays, Biological tests and assays.
ENFORCEABLE
1 to 999
88
What general chapter?
General Information (no mandatory requirement)
1000 to 1999
89
What general chapter?
Apply to articles classified as Dietary ingredient or supplements.
Above 2000
90
What general chapter?
Apply to articles classified as Dietary ingredient or supplements.
Above 2000
91
Provides a specification by way of a name, definition, description, tests, procedures, and acceptance criteria and sometimes packaging and labeling requirements.
Monograph
92
The USP-NF is a combination of two official compendia:
the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the National Formulary (NF)
93
Parts of a Monograph
The complete monograph of a raw material or a finished dosage form includes the following information:
1. chemical structure
2. chemical name
3. purity rubric
4. packaging and storage
5. reference standard
6. Identification tests
7. Corresponding tests for chemical and physical constants such as melting range, rotatory power, refractive index etc.
8. Water content
9. Assay procedure- determination for specific quantity
94
Parts of Monograph for FPP
(no chemical structure)
1. chemical name
2. purity rubric
3. packaging and storage
4. reference standard
5. Identification tests
6. Corresponding tests for chemical and physical constants such as melting range, rotatory power, refractive index etc.
7. Water content
8. Assay procedure- determination for specific quantity
