Special Methods Used in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Question 1

Made to establish the purity, or to determine the amount of therapeutically active constituents present for the purpose of standardization.

Answer 1

Analysis of Crude Drugs

Question 2

Natural substance

Answer 2

Vegetable or animal drugs

Question 3

This may be defined as the determination of identity, purity and quality of a drug.

Answer 3

Drug Evaluation

Question 4

Drug evaluation may be defined as the determination of _______, ________ and _______ of a drug.

Answer 4

identity, purity and quality

Question 5

Identification of biological source of the drug.

Answer 5

Identity

Question 6

The quantity of the active constituents present.

Answer 6

Quality

Question 7

The extent of foreign organic material present in a crude drug.

Answer 7

Purity

Question 8

Methods of Drug Evaluation:

Answer 8

(1) Organoleptic
(2) Microscopic
(3) Physical
(4) Chemical
(5) Biological

Question 9

It includes the visual examination of drug.

Answer 9

Organoleptic

Question 10

Gives the gross, morphological structure of the sample.

Answer 10

Organoleptic

Question 11

Barks, Underground structures, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, Seeds

Color, odor, taste, texture, shape or size

Answer 11

Plant parts

Question 12

Microscopic is also known as?

Answer 12

Anatomical Evaluation

Question 13

Gives a more detailed examination of a drug, even histological stuctures (cells and tissues) useful for plants DNA barcoding.

Answer 13

Microscopic / Anatomical Evaluation

Question 14

Physical contents or physical properties innate or characteristic of specific compound in the sample or the sample as a whole.

Answer 14

Physical Evaluation

Question 15

Physical Evaluation components

Answer 15

✓ Moisture Content
✓ Viscosity
✓ Melting point
✔ Ash Content
✔ Extractive values
✓ Volatile oil Content
✓ Optical Rotation
✓ Refractive Index

Question 16

Chemical constants or analytical constants, determination of chemical constituents - ash, moisture, crude fiber, and extractive obtained with different solvents,

Tests to determine different and specific chemical constituents estimation of alkaloidal content, acid value, ester value or phytoconstituents

Answer 16

Chemical Evaluation

Question 17

They make use of various instruments for evaluation like spectrophotometry, chromatography, etc.

Answer 17

Physicochemical and Instrumental

Question 18

Determination of the effects of drugs upon microbes, animals, as animal tissues

This method requires special apparatus for their performance and a technique that is not chemical in nature.

Answer 18

Biological Evaluation

Question 19

Digitalis

Answer 19

Pigeon

Question 20

Insulin injection

Answer 20

HPLC (rabbit)

Question 21

Glucagon injection

Answer 21

Cat

Question 22

Oxytocin injection

Answer 22

Chicken

Question 23

Vasopressin injection

Answer 23

Male rat

Question 24

Corticotropin injection

Answer 24

either sex of rat

Question 25

Tubocurarine injection

Answer 25

HPLC (rabbit)

Question 26

Metocurine injection

Answer 26

HPLC (rabbit)

Question 27

HCG

Answer 27

Female rat (20-23 days old)

Question 28

Heparin & Protamine sulfate

Answer 28

Sheep blood plasma

Question 29

Cod liver oil

Answer 29

Spectrophotometer (rachitic rat)

Question 30

The ____________ of a crude drug is the residue left after incineration.

Answer 30

ash content

Question 31

Ash content usually represents the _____________ naturally occurring in the drug adhering to it.

Answer 31

inorganic salts

Question 32

Ash content may also include inorganic matter added for the purpose of ___________.

Answer 32

adulteration

Question 33

adulteration, substitution, contamination or carelessness in handling =

Answer 33

High ash content

Question 34

This may serve as basis for judging the identity and cleanliness of a drug.

Answer 34

Determination of Ash

Question 35

The residue after incineration using the residue after acid treatment and it represents silica.

Answer 35

Acid insoluble ash

Question 36

500 to 550°C

Answer 36

Very dull red heat

Question 37

550°C to 700°C

Answer 37

Dull red heat

Question 38

800°C to 1000°C

Answer 38

Bright red heat

Question 39

1000 to 1200°C

Answer 39

Yellow red - red heat

Question 40

1200 to 1600°C

Answer 40

White heat

Question 41

Total ash represents?

Answer 41

Inorganic salts

Question 42

Acid insoluble ash represents?

Answer 42

Silicates insoluble in diluted acid (3N) filtered using ashless filter paper ash content 0.007%

Question 43

Water soluble ash represents?

Answer 43

Ammonium salts

Question 44

Method I

Answer 44

Karl Fischer Method

Question 45

This method is the most rapid, requires only a small sample and is specific for water.

Answer 45

Method I - Karl Fischer Method

Question 46

The method involves titration of the sample in reagent methanol with Karl Fischer reagent, which consists of iodine, sulfur dioxide, pyridine, and methanol.

Answer 46

Method I - Karl Fischer Method

Question 47

Method II

Answer 47

Azeotropic Method

Question 48

This method is specified for the determination of moisture content of many vegetable drugs containing 2% or more of moisture.

Answer 48

Method II - Azeotropic Method

Question 49

Mixture of liquids with constant boiling point.

Answer 49

Azeotrope

Question 50

When the drug contains matter other than water which is volatile at 105°C, the volatile ether soluble extractive must be determined and the weight of this extractive is subtracted from the weight less by the drug upon drying, the difference is the moisture content of the drug.

Answer 50

Method III - Gravimetric Method

Question 51

HCG meaning

Answer 51

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 52

HPLC meaning

Answer 52

High performance liquid chromatography