Topic 2: Homeostasis in Living Things Flashcards
Homeostasis
The internal stability that all organisms maintain. Biochemical processes occur in living things and are essential for their survival.
Energy storing process
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis equation (in words)
Water + carbon dioxide —> glucose + oxygen
Photosynthesis equation in chemical symbols
H2O + CO2 —> C6H12O6 + O2
Where does photosynthesis happen?
In the chloroplasts of plant cells
What pigment is needed for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
BLANK energy from the sun is converted into BLANK energy in photosynthesis.
Light, chemical
Stomates
Holes on the bottoms of leaves that open and close
Stomates let BLANK in when open
CO2
Stomates conserve BLANK when closed
Water
Guard cells
Special cells that control the opening or closing of the holes in leaves (stomates)
The energy releasing process is called BLANK
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration equation in words
Glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide + ATP
Cellular respiration equation in symbols
C6H12O6 + O2 —> H2O + CO2 +ATP
Where does cellular respiration happen?
Mitochondria of cells
In cellular respiration, BLANK energy from glucose is converted into BLANK which is a form of energy used by cells
Chemical, ATP
Organism
All systems working together to maintain life and homeostasis
Digestive system
Digest and absorb nutrients
What are the 7 systems in an organism?
Digestive, respiratory, immune, nervous, endocrine, excretory, skeletal/ muscular
Respiratory system
Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Immune system
Protects the body from viruses and bacteria (pathogens/antigens)
Pathogens
Disease causing organisms (virus, bacteria, fungus, microorganisms, protists)
Antigens
Protein name tags that have a special shape the white blood cells can recognize the name tags to
White blood cells
Produce antibodies that have a special shape to fit into or recognize the bad pathogens / antigens and destroy them or label them for destruction (immune response)
Vaccines
Dead or weakened pathogen injected into the body so the white blood cells can “practice” making antibodies for it. Makes you IMMUNE to a pathogen
Antibiotics
Medications given to fight bacterial infections
Allergy
Body makes antibodies to harmless antigens (pollen, dust, peanut butter)
AIDS
H.I.V. Destroys white blood cells, so you have no immunity
Nervous system
Used for fast communication between cells to maintain homeostasis
Endocrine system
Hormones (chemical message) is sent through the blood to a target cell/ organ that has the correct shaped receptors
Feedback mechanisms
Maintain homeostasis by regulating the amount of sugar, water, calcium in your body/ blood
Example of feedback mechanism: if blood sugar gets too high…
Insulin is released from the pancreas to bring it back to normal levels
Excretory system
Removed wastes from the body (kidneys, skin, lungs)
Skeletal/ muscular system
Locomotion
Enzymes
Specially shaped proteins that digest or synthesize large molecules. They are needed for most metabolic activities (homeostasis/ equilibrium)
Dynamic equilibrium
The constant small corrections that must occur to maintain homeostasis
Enzymes are specific in their BLANK and BLANK
Action, substrate
Substrate
What an enzyme digests or synthesizes. It “fits” into the enzyme
Examples of enzymes for proteins, lactose, lipids
Protease digests proteins, lactase digests lactose, lipase digests lipids
Catalysts
Increase the rate of reaction. Enzymes are catalysts.
Example of enzyme as catalyst of starch
Starch will eventually breakdown into simple sugars, but enzymes make the reaction happen 1000 times faster
Denature
Change the shape of an enzyme. This will change the speed of it or make it stop functioning
Factors effecting enzyme activity
Temperature, pH (acidic/ basic), and amount of enzyme or substrate affect the rate that enzymes work. Every enzyme has an optimal (best) temp and pH that it can work the fastest (highest rate). Temp and pH graphs look similar. Concentration of enzyme and substrate graphs look similar.
Antibodies
Proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body
Bacteria
Microscopic living organisms that have only one cell
Biochemical
Chemical processes that occur in living beings
Processes
Any of the biological reactions or other events that result in a transformation or change of state
Disease
Disorder of structure or function of an organism that is not a direct result of physical injury
Dynamic
Changing over time
Fungi
Eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
Gas exchange
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between a living thing and its environment
Insulin
Hormone that lowers glucose levels in the blood
Microbe
A living thing that is too small to be seen with the naked eye
pH
A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Pancreas
An organ which produces enzymes that help digestion and hormones including insulin
Parasite
An organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the others expense
stimuli
a detectable change in the internal or external environment
virus
An infectious agent that can only reproduce within a host organism
Lactic acid fermentation word equation
glucose –> lactic acid + energy
anaerobic vs aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly.
