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Living Environment Regents Review > Reproduction & Development > Flashcards

Reproduction & Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

One organism divides into two or more offspring

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2
Q

In asexual reproduction, offspring are BLANK to the parent.

A

genetically identical

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3
Q

The process used to produce identical cells

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

Clone

A

Genetically identical to parent organism

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5
Q

Unicellular organisms (single celled) divide by BLANK to produce two identical cells. For example, amoeba and bacteria do this

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

Mitosis in multi-cellular organisms

A

Mitosis produces a mass of cells or replaces/ regenerates lost cells that later bud off to form the offspring. Ex hydra, flatworm, starfish

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7
Q

Steps in mitosis

A
  1. Chromosomes and genes are copied (DNA replicated)
  2. Each copy goes into a new cell
  3. Every cell has the same chromosomes as the original cell
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8
Q

True or false: mitosis leads to variation in the population

A

FALSE

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9
Q

Problems with no variation in a population

A

Can’t adapt to changes that happen in the environment. There may be no survivors if the environment contains a factor that the original parent is not adapted to. Ex. no natural selection/evolution of the population

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10
Q

Fitness

A

Genes with high adaptive value (the genes that allow it to survive) are passed on to the next generation.

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11
Q

Examples of genes with high adaptive value

A

Resistance genes (antibiotics, pesticides) pass to the offspring

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12
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

2 organisms donate 50% of their genes/DNA to form a new individual

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13
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces sex cells- makes a cell with only half the DNA/ Chromosomes/ genes as the original cell

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13
Q

gametes

A

Sex cells/sperm/egg. Transfer half of the genetic materials/DNA/chromosomes

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14
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusion of 2 gametes to form the zygote cell, maintaining the correct chromosome number from one generation to the next. Offspring is a combination of the genes from the parents (not identical to them)

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15
Q

Sexual reproduction increases BLANK

A

variation

16
Q

Increasing variation…

A

Genetic differences in new offspring may inherit fitness/ high adaptive value/ genes that allow it to survive from both parents. Ex) inherits resistance from mom or dad or both, but there’s no guarantee that genes with high adaptive value will be inherited

17
Q

Human reproduction is regulated by BLANK

A

Regulated by hormones (estrogen and progesterone for example)

18
Q

Ovary

A

Female structure that produces egg (released during ovulation) and secretes hormones (estrogen and progesterone to regulate the cycle)

19
Q

Oviduct/ Fallopian tube

A

Female structure, connects ovary area to uterus. This is where fertilization happens

20
Q

Uterus

A

Protects fetus (where baby develops/grows)

21
Q

Placenta

A

temporary organ that provides nutrients, gas exchange and waste removal for the baby/fetus. Anything (good or bad) that is dissolved in the mother’s blood will diffuse into the baby’s blood through the placenta.

22
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Carries baby blood to the placenta then back to the baby

23
Q

Cervix

A

Bottom of the uterus which opens into the vagina

24
Q

Vagina is also called the BLANK

A

birth canal

25
Q

Testis

A

Produces sperm and provides hormone (testosterone) for male traits (beard, voice, muscle mass)

26
Q

Epididymis

A

Where sperm mature

27
Q

Vas deferens

A

Carry sperm from testis/ epididymis to urethra. This is what is snipped in a vasectomy.

28
Q

Semen

A

Mixture of sperm and fluids. Fluid is needed for sperm to swim

29
Q

Urethra

A

Passageway leading out of the body for semen and urine

30
Q

Embryonic Development

A

One cell turns into two.. etc then 100 billion. Uses mitosis so every cell has identical DNA/Chromosomes/Genes

31
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells become different/ specialize depending on what genes are turned on or off (ex nerve cell, skin cell, liver cell)

32
Q

What influences how genes are turned on or off?

A

Environmental factors

33
Q

What happens if the mother is exposed to chemicals or drugs or disease during early pregnancy?

A

This can affect the embryo in a negative way. Ex alcohol affects brain development.

34
Q

Embryo

A

Early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants.

35
Q

Progesterone

A

A type of hormone made by the body that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

36
Q

Species

A

A biological species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

37
Q

Estrogen

A

A type of hormone made by the body that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones.

37
Q
A

Living Environment Regents Review (7 decks)

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