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Anthropology > Topic 2 exam 1 > Flashcards

Topic 2 exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells found in eukaryotic organisms?

A

Somatic cells and gametes (sperm & egg)

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

DNA + Protein & Chromatin

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3
Q

When are chromosomes visible?

A

cell division

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4
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

nucleus

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5
Q

What are the two types of chromosomes?

A

?

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6
Q

What are homologous pairs?

A

2 chromosomes that look the same because they carry a gene for the same trait

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7
Q

What is DNA

A

deoxiribinucleaicacid

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8
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A

Copies itself, makes proteins and directs development

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9
Q

What is the structure and composition of DNA?

A
  • double stranded helix
  • The legs of the ladder alternate sugar and phosphate molecules
  • Rungs paired nitrogen bases linked by a weak hydrogen bond
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10
Q

What the hell are nucleotides?

A

Each unit of sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base

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11
Q

Haploid

A

Number of homologous pairs (gametes)

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12
Q

Diploid

A

full number of chromosomes (somatic cell)

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13
Q

what are the bases?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

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14
Q

Whats a codon

A

specifies an amino acid

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15
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A

Sugar is ribose, the base uracil is substituted for thymine and it is single stranded

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16
Q

What are proteins?

A

Composed of amino acids also called polypeptide chains

17
Q

What are amino acids?

A

organic compound

18
Q

What is a polypeptide chain?

A

It is a chain of amino acids which is the DNA “codes for” proteins (proteins)

19
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

Universal, redundant (repetitive)

20
Q

How does protein synthesis work?

A
  1. Transcription ( same message diff format) DNA to mRNA in nucleus
  2. Translation (completely changing it) mRNA to protein in sytoplasm
21
Q

Protein synthesis- Transcription

A

occurs in the nucleus
make mRNA from DNA
mRNA free flowing

22
Q

Protein Synthesis- Translation

A
  • occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes
  • makes protein from mRNA
  • at ribosome mRNA codons are translated into an amino acid
  • ends when a stop codon is reached
23
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Somatic cell division in which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells (2 diploid daughter cells)

24
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division that occurs in the testes and ovaries that leads to the formation of sperm and gametes (4 haploid daughter cells)

25
Q

Mitosis= Interphase

A

DNA replication

26
Q

Mitosis Prophase

A

chromosome form
spindle fibers form
centrioles go to poles
membrane disappears

27
Q

Mitosis= metaphase

A

alignment of center

28
Q

Mitosis= anaphase

A

chromatids split

29
Q

Mitosis= telophase

A

cell divides

30
Q

What is the most important phase in Meiosis?

A

prophase

31
Q

Meiosis 1

A

homologous chromatids divide

32
Q

Meiosis 2

A

sister chromatids divide

33
Q

How is meiosis and mitosis different?

A

Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cell division while mitosis has only one of each, Mitosis daughter cells are identical and in Meiosis daughter cells not genetically identical

34
Q

how does recombination occur in Meiosis

A

Random arrangement during metaphase 1

crossing over during prophase 1

35
Q

How does meiosis differ with males and females?

A

Males: Sperm antogenesis, testes, continous, 4 sperm cells 22 autosomes
Females: oogenesis, ovaries, monthly, 1 large ovum (egg) and 3 “polar bodies”, 22 autosomes

36
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

37
Q

What is nondisjuntion

A

Miscarriage, when the chromatids fail to separate properly during cell division. May have extra gametes or missing ones

38
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg

39
Q

What do diploid and haploid refer to?

A

number of chromosomes

Anthropology (12 decks)

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