Topic 2 Endocrine System Dysfunction.

Question 1

LO 1. Describe endocrine tissue / organs and the hormones they produce:

Answer 1

.

Question 2

LO 1. Hypothalamus

Answer 2

• Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Question 3

LO 1. Anterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 3

• Growth Hormone (GH)
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Question 4

LO 1. Posterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 4

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

- Oxytocin

Question 5

LO 1. Adrenal Cortex

Answer 5

• Aldosterone

- Cortisol

Question 6

LO 1. Adrenal Medulla

Answer 6

• Epinephrine

- Norepinephrine

Question 7

LO 1. Thyroid Gland

Answer 7

• Thyroid hormones T3 & T4

- Calcitonin

Question 8

LO 1. Parathyroid Gland

Answer 8

• Parathyroid Hormone

Question 9

LO 2. What is the target tissue & effect of Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)?

Answer 9

• Anterior Pituitary Gland.

- Stimulates release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

Question 10

LO 2. What is the target tissue & effect of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

Answer 10

• Thyroid Gland.

- Stimulates release of Thyroid Hormones T3 & T4 (.

Question 11

LO 2. What is the target tissue & effect of Thyroid Hormones T3 & T4?

Answer 11

• ALL Tissues of the body.
• control of basel metabolic rate e.g. shiver.
• stimulates protein synthesis (growth).

Question 12

LO 3. Describe Growth Hormone deficiency:

Answer 12

• “hypopituitarism”: associated w’ same symptoms as metabolic syndrome:
• insulin resistance, dyslipidemia….

Question 13

LO 3. Describe Growth Hormone excess:

Answer 13

• In Children = gigantism

- In Adults = acromegaly

Question 14

LO 3. Describe Thyroid Hormone deficiency:

Answer 14

"Hypothyroidism";
- basel metabolic rate decreases.
- GOITRE = enlarged thyroid forms.
- deep voice, bradycardia, weight gain.
# congenital hypothyroidism = cretinism.
# acquired hypothyroidism = myxedema.

Question 15

LO 3. Describe Thyroid Hormone excess:

Answer 15

“Hyperthyroidism” (thyrotoxicosis);

• basel metabolic rate increases.
• “Graves Disease” is the most common cause.

Question 16

LO 3. Describe Glucocorticoids deficiency:

Answer 16

“Addisons Disease”

• hypotension, weight loss…
• hypoglycaemia, fever…

Question 17

LO 3. Describe Glucocorticoids excess:

Answer 17

“Cushings Syndrome”

• hypertension, fat pads… moon face.
• hyperglycaemia

Question 18

LO 4. Describe the role of Insulin:

Answer 18

• produced by beta-cells of islet of langerhans (pancreas)
• promotes glucose uptake by target cells.
• inhibits gluco-neo-genesis
• released when BGL is HIGH.

Question 19

LO 4. Describe the role of Glucagon:

Answer 19

• produced by Alpha-cells of islet of langerhans (in pancreas)
• maintains blood glucose between meals & during fasting by facilitating glycogenolysis & gluco-neo-genesis.
• released when BGL is LOW.

Question 20

How does Diabetes Mellitus result from inappropriate insulin signalling?

Answer 20

DM arises when an imbalance occurs & the body fails to produce or respond to insulin.
i.e. DM = poor glucose regulation = dysfunction of the Pancreas.

Question 21

What are DM manifestations?

Answer 21

• inability to transport glucose into fat & muscle cells - cells are starved, so breakdown of fat & protein is increased.

Question 22

Define Type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 22

= Insulin dependant.

- pathological loss of pancreatic B-cells due to autoimmune condition: genetic, viral or idiopathic.

Question 23

What are Type 1 DM manifestations?

Answer 23

• severe hyperglycaemia
• ketogeneis
• dehydration
• acidosis (ketones)

Question 24

Define Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 24

• resistance to or dysfunction in insulin signalling in muscle & fat cells.
• associated w’ lifestyle & obesity

Question 25

What are Type 2 DM manifestations?

Answer 25

• peripheral insulin resistance results in compensatory high plasma insulin level to maintain BGL.
• Metabolic syndrome = at least 1 of the following: Hypertension, obesity, hypre-triglycerides, low HDL, microalbuminuria

Question 26

Define: “…genesis”

Answer 26

= to synthesis (convert)

• Lipo-genesis = converts excess glucose to fat stores.
• Glyco-genesis = the synthesis of glycogen from glucose.
• Gluco-neo-genesis = convert amino acids into glucose.

Question 27

Define: “…lysis”

Answer 27

= to breakdown.

• Lipo-lysis = fat (store) breakdown
• Glycogeno-lysis = breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
• Glycolysis = metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate (aerobic) or lactic acid (anaerobic).

Question 28

Define: acidosis

Answer 28

= increase in acidity of the blood

Question 29

Define: ketosis

Answer 29

= an accumulation of ketones in the blood

ketones = Acidic substances that are produced when the body breaks down and uses fat, instead of sugar, for energy