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Geography > Topic 2: Development Dynamics key words > Flashcards

Topic 2: Development Dynamics key words Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Recently Industrialising Countries (RICs) mean?

A

Countries such as India or China which have recently industrialised.

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2
Q

What is Rural-urban migration?

A

The movement of people from the countryside to the cities, normally to escape from poverty and to search for work.

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3
Q

What are secondary products?

A

Manufactured goods.

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4
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

Employment based on manufacturing.

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5
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

Where farmers grow food to feed their families rather than too sell.

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6
Q

What is tariffs?

A

Additional cost added to the price of trade goods.

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7
Q

What are terms of trade?

A

This means the value of a country’s exports are relative to that of its imports.

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8
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Employment based on services.

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9
Q

What is Top-down development? ***

A

When decision making about the development of a place is is done by governments or large companies.

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10
Q

What are Trans National companies?

***

A

Companies which operate in more than one country.

They do this so their company can be open 24 hours a day.

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11
Q

What is the World Trade Organisation?

***

A

A global organisation dedicated to making trade between countries easier.

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12
Q

What is biogas?

A

A gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter such as manure or sewage,in the absence of oxygen. It can be used as a biofuel.

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13
Q

What is bottom-up development?

A

Experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives. Often run by non government organisations.

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14
Q

What are cash crops?

A

Crops sold for cash directly from farmers to be exported and traded on global markets.

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15
Q

What is a caste based society?

A

The Hindu caste system determines a persons status and job. This is a social custom found in traditional rural villages.

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16
Q

What is colonisation?

A

When another country takes over a foreign land and applies a system of power.

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17
Q

What are commodities?

A

Items of value that can be traded for money.

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18
Q

What is communism?

A

This is a system of government which believes in sharing wealth between all people.

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19
Q

What is the core region?

A

Areas with in a country that are important economic hubs with high levels of employment and technological innovation.

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20
Q

What is the cycle of poverty?

A

A set of factors that cause continuous poverty unless intervention is made.

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21
Q

What is demographic data?

A

All data linked to population (E.g- birth rate, death rate)

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22
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

The proportion of people below 14 and above 65 of the normal working age. The lower the number means a greater number of people can work and are less dependant on the government.

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23
Q

What are development indicators?

A

Measure how a country is improving.

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24
Q

What is economic liberalisation?

A

When a country’s economy is given freedom of a market economy, consumers and companies decide what people buy based on demand.

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25
Q

What is an emerging country?

***

A

A country with a high to medium human development and recent economic growth.

26
Q

What is an emerging economies?

A

Countries that have recently industrialised and are progressing towards an increased role in the world economy.

27
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

Average number of births per woman.

28
Q

What does footloose mean?

A

Term used to describe companies that are able to locate anywhere there is high quality communication links.

29
Q

What is foreign direct investment? (FDI)

A

Unrestricted flows of capital money from one country to another.

30
Q

What is meant by global north?

A

A group of wealthy countries found mainly in the northern hemisphere.

31
Q

What is global south?

A

A group of less wealthy countries found mainly in the Southern hemisphere.

32
Q

What is gross domestic product (GDP)?

***

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year.

33
Q

What is globalisation?

***

A

Increased connection between countries.

34
Q

What is a high income country? (HIC)

***

A

Countries where employment is dominated by tertiary and quaternary sectors.

35
Q

What is the Human development index?

HDI

A

A standard means of measuring human development.

36
Q

What is industrialisation?

A

Where a mainly agricultural society changes and begins to depend of on manufacturing industries instead.

37
Q

What is the infant mortality rate?

A

Number of children per 1000 live births who dies before their first birthday.

38
Q

What does Infrastructure mean?

A

The basic services needed for an industrial country to operate e.g. roads, railways, power and water supplies, waste disposals, schools, hospitals, telephones and communication services.

39
Q

What are inter-governmental organisations (IGOs)?

A

Governments and agencies working together to achieve a goal.

40
Q

What is intermediate technology?

A

Uses low tech solutions using local materials labour and expertise to solve problems.

41
Q

What does irrigation mean?

A

Is the artificial watering of land that allows farming to take place.

42
Q

What does knowledge economy mean?

A

An economy based on specialised knowledge and skills.

43
Q

What is a level of development?

A

Means a countries wealth, measured in GDP, and its social and political progress (education, health care, or democratic process in which everyone can vote freely.

44
Q

What is maternal mortality?

A

Number of mothers per 100,000 who die in child birth.

45
Q

What is a low income country? (LIC)

***

A

Countries where employment is dominated by the primary sector. E.g farming.

46
Q

What are middle income countries? (MIC)

A

Countries dominated by the secondary sector (manufacturing) which often have large reserves of raw materials which have encouraged investment and growth e.g
Brazil
Chile

47
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

When people or bus eases move to an area and invest money on housing and services, which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people.

48
Q

Neo-colonialism

A

New colonialism

49
Q

New economy means?

A

Economy based on the sale of services rather that manufactured products.

50
Q

What is a Newly Industrialising country. (NIC)?

***

A

The name given to countries that have very recently started to rapidly develop such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia (The Asian Tigers)

51
Q

What is a non-governmental organisation? (NGO)

A

NGOs work to make life better especially for the poor. Oxfam, the red cross and Greenpeace are all examples of NGOs.

52
Q

What is outsourcing?

***

A

Using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply e.g call centres.

53
Q

What is population structure?

A

The number of each sex in each age groups usually displayed in a population pyramid diagram.

54
Q

Primary materials are:

A

Raw materials

55
Q

What is purchasing power parity?

PPP

A

Shows what you can buy in each country now used to measure GDP.

56
Q

What is the Quaternary sector?

A

Employment based on highly specialised knowledge and skills.

57
Q

What does development mean?

A

The process of change that affects people lives. It may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing the change.

58
Q

Economic development:

A

Growth in countries that link to income, jobs and purchasing power of the people.

59
Q

Political development:

A

Growth in countries that link to government power and building of democracies and laws.

60
Q

Social development:

A

Growth in countries that links to health welfare, education and the power for women.

Geography (11 decks)

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