Paper 2: The Uk’s Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
Explain why the elderly and the young are most affected by living in Cornwall?
Young people are most affected because they have to travel over 30 miles for a sixth form education or training. This makes it hard for them especially if pubic transport is not good in their area as well as considering the fact Cornwall doesn’t have a motorway, making it even harder.
Elderly people are also affected because of health care. Only 35% of villages have a doctor surgery and even these are only open 1 morning a week. Not to mention that the main hospital is in Truro and for many parts of Cornwall is over 30 miles away making it difficult for the elderly who either have to travel a great distance or wait for an appointment at the doctors surgery that has a very long waiting list.
What is the Eden project?
Opened in 2001 and is the largest rainforest in captivity. It is located in Cornwall.
- 600,000 school children have visited it.
- it runs courses for apprentices & university degrees.
- over 18 million visitors so far.
- 26 people taken part in their social lunch. Brings communities/neighbourhoods together.
- Generated 3000 jobs elsewhere and employs 700 people.
- in first 10 years has generated an extra £1 billion in visitor spending. E.g accommodation, meals etc.
Explain the impacts of globalisation? (4 marks)
The UKs economy has become increasingly globalised since the 1980s. This is due to TNCs such as virgin. These TNCs like virgin expect free trade without tariffs, to employ people to provide services wherever cheapest and invest anywhere with u restricted flows of capital , known as FDI. Globalisation has led to to FDI from companies abroad resulting in more jobs of UK economy. Many of the products we but in UK are form foreign TNCs. This increases consumer choice and can lead to much profit meaning the UK can become a TNC based country.
What is ethnic segregation?
When people of a particular ethnic groups choose to live with other from the same ethnic group.
Why does ethnic segregation occur?
- to avoid discrimination
- keep cultural identity
- easy access to facilities e.g temples or specific shops - halal meat
Where is Newham located
Newham is a poor area located in the middle of London. This is the inner city.
Statistics regarding the general health of people in Newham:
Infant mortality (per 1000): 5.5 People with limiting long term illness (%): 12.3 Premature deaths before 65 (per 100,000): 210
Statistics regarding the general health of people in Richmond:
Infant mortality (per 1000): 2.75 People with limiting long term illness (%): 7.6 Premature deaths before 65 (per 100,000): 121
Statistics regarding the education of people in Richmond:
% of students age 16 who did NOT get 5 GCSES at A*-C in 2012: 63
% of 19 year olds with no qualifications: 37
% of 5-18 year olds taking free school meals: 8.4
% of adults educated to degree level: 64
Statistics regarding the education of people in Newham:
% of students age 16 who did NOT get 5 GCSES at A*-C in 2012: 62
% of 19 year olds with no qualifications: 41
% of 5-18 year olds taking free school meals: 20
% of adults educated to degree level: 26
Where is Richmond located?
Located west of London along the River Thames.
What is deprivation?
A lack of wealth and services. It usually means low standards of living caused by low income, poor health and low educational qualifications.
Suggest 2 reasons why life expectancy in Newham will be lower than in Richmond?
Because richer people tend to live in Richmond and therefore have more money to buy healthier food for a well balanced healthier die. Another reason is that they have more money and there more access to facilities (sports). E.g can afford a gym membership.
Other statistics for Newham negative.
Most housing is rented only 32% own properties
35% rent privately
32% rent from social housing
Stats on transport and transport improvements:
London introduced congestion charge in 2003. 6% increase in bus passengers and income invested in London transport (£1.2 billion)
What does the rural periphery consist of?
Lower incomes - people retire here, therefore aren’t earning money. More jobs in farming. Tourism is seasonal and have minimum pay. Few high-income professionals here.
Low population density- smaller towns and villages no cities.
High transport costs - many people have to travel long distances to work. No or poor public transport. Car is a necessity.
Older population - popular place for retirement
Out migration of younger people - young people have fewer opportunities for employment of universities so move out.
What is one face by peripheral areas?
They don’t receive the same level of investment which affluent urban core regions receive.
What are the two main reasons for population growth in the UK?
- Net migration
- Natural increase (e.g more births than deaths)
What age are most immigrants?
In 2014 most immigrants were young working adults ages 18-31.
Why are most immigrants young working adults?
EU membership, where by anyone in the EU is free to move and work in any member state.
Globalisation, which has revolutionised migration to the UK. London’s ‘knowledge economy’ needs highly qualified and skilled people that the UK cannot provide for (in bulk) e.g Australians who work in IT sector in London.
What 3 factors has caused the UK’s rising birth rate?
-More women in their 20s choosing to have children earlier.
(Due to reduced employment prospects after 2008 recession)
- more women at older ages (born in 70s) choosing to have children but previously postponed having them to pursue a career.
- increasing numbers of overseas - born women who often have higher fertility rates than UK born women (for religious reasons e.g no contraception)
Lost 3 benefits of polish immigration:
- contributed £2.54 to economy annually by Eastern European immigrants to the UK.
- Migrants have contributes between 0.5-1% of UK’s economic growth between 2005-6.
- 80% of new immigrants are working people between the ages of 18-35. This offsets the tendency for UK’s ageing population, addressing issue in providing for ageing population.
List 3 problems for polish immigration:
- The broad geographical spread of polish and A8 migrants has brought large scale migration to areas, which have not experienced it before creating tensions and misunderstandings.
- Anti-polish graffiti has appeared in the streets of a number of UK cities.
- some polish migrants have been exploited by unscrupulous employers and employment agencies in the UK.
Why us the UK’s population changing? (4 marks)
The UK’s population is changing because of growth in different regions. London is growing at almost 1% each year due to economic growth. South East England , East England and the midlands are also growing as more people move further out of London to seek affordable property. Also the south west, in places like Devon and Cornwall is rising rapidly because as more people retire there. Whereas, areas with slower economic growth in Whales and Northern England show evidence of the North South divide.
Why has the UK’s industry changed from 1900 to present?
Because of the shift during the 20th century from secondary-manufacturing to tertiary-services. There now in the 21st century is a shift from tertiary to quaternary, which include software development, scientific research and much more.
Why are TNCs moving their factories to LEDC countries?
Because there they can pay less wages to factory workers.
What are the main differences between the tertiary and quaternary new economy?
Tertiary:
Some can be unskilled
Need fewer qualifications
More informal
Quaternary:
More formal
Mostly Male
Mostly skilled workers with degrees
What does the low salary new economy consist of?
- Mix of male and female employees (tho woman majority)
- jobs in: retail, shopping centres, delivery vans
- Wages are usually minimum or just over
- informal
- Jobs require less qualifications mostly unskilled
- 1/4 of jobs are part time many are temporary
What does the high salary knowledge economy (e.g Canary Wharf) consist of?
- Formal
- Full time contact jobs
- male domination
- Jobs in: Global banking, IT and law
- jobs require skill, qualifications and degrees.
- wages are very high with bonus’ depending on degree. Most of 6 figure salaries.
What were the reasons for the decline of the docklands?
Containerisation
Goods being transported quicker by air.
The docklands were badly damaged during WW2
Effects of the decline of the docklands?
20,000 jobs were lost
60% of the land was derelict or underused
Population fell by 20%
Unemployment rate was 18%
What were the four aims of the London Docklands Development corporation?
- Ensure housing is available to all
- Encourage development of existing industry and attract new industry.
- Bring land and buildings back into use
- create an attractive environment
Why is London’s situation (location) an important growth factor?
- Close to Europe, London could trade by seas quickly.
- London has a large population, economy and port.
- internationally, London’s time zone helps its economic growth. Able to trade with Asia (5-7 hours ahead), Australia (8-11 hours ahead) and later in the same day with New York (5 hours behind).
Londons international connectivity:
- Second biggest international airport at Heathrow.
- Largest international air ‘hub’
- Eurostar brings major European cities within few hours travel from London.
- diverse cities with wide cultural connections
Londons national connectivity:
- fastest rail services link major UK cities
- Future travel times will be quicker with HS2.
Londons regional connectivity:
- A1 and M1 roads lead to the North of the UK
- A radial network-roads converge into London like a spoke of a wheel.
Why has London kept its position as a world city even though the fastest economic growth has been happening in Asia?
It’s connectivity (how easy it is to travel or connect with other places.)
Where is Dinnington located?
Dinnington is a town in South Yorkshire, England.
How has its industry changed through the years in Dinnington?
It was based primary employed with a huge coal mining colliery units it closed in 1992. Mining jobs were full time and well paid. However the site is now a business park, which has created 1700 new jobs between 1998-2008. Most companies there now are tertiary.
IT HAS CHANGED FROM PRIMARY-SECONDARY TO TERTIARY.
What is containerisation?
When huge boxes were introduced and goods were placed in these containers and transported. When this was introduced there was no need for as many dock workers.
Successes of the LDDC were…
- population increase from 30,000 - 79,000
- 2500 companies now in the area
- 830 hectares of land reclaimed
- 42,000 jobs created
- now a huge tourist attraction
Failures of the LDDC were…
- lack of community
- new jobs did not serve the skills of the people that lived in the area (old dockets)
- Noise and air pollution caused by expanding airport.
Types of globalisation that have taken part in the UK:
- Nestle
- Adidas
- Starbucks
Why has free trade impacted globalisation (made it increase)?
Free trade has increased globalisation because most TNC’s support UK’s membership of the EU because it provides an unrestricted market of 550 million people.
How has FDI impacted globalisation?
FDI in UK companies can invest abroad, but overseas TNCs a,so invest in the UK.
How has TNCs impacted globalisation?
Role of TNCs has increased with privatisation. This means the change in ownership, such as rubbish collection from public sector.
What is free trade?
The free flow of goods and services without tariffs.
Why is it important that London is culturally diverse?
Because the knowledge economy depends on it as it draws migrants around the world to London.
What is the new economy?
This refers to the growth in tertiary sectors since the 1980s.
What is the quaternary sector?
Knowledge based jobs which normally includes the use of technology e.g. financial banking.
What is the knowledge economy?
An economy based on specialised knowledge and skill. Jobs require degrees and specialised training.
Give some examples of London’s land use:
- tourists, shopping
- markets
- building
- very busy
- big department stores
- entertainment
