Paper 2: The Uk’s Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
1
Q
Explain why the elderly and the young are most affected by living in Cornwall?
A
Young people are most affected because they have to travel over 30 miles for a sixth form education or training. This makes it hard for them especially if pubic transport is not good in their area as well as considering the fact Cornwall doesn’t have a motorway, making it even harder.
Elderly people are also affected because of health care. Only 35% of villages have a doctor surgery and even these are only open 1 morning a week. Not to mention that the main hospital is in Truro and for many parts of Cornwall is over 30 miles away making it difficult for the elderly who either have to travel a great distance or wait for an appointment at the doctors surgery that has a very long waiting list.
2
Q
What is the Eden project?
A
Opened in 2001 and is the largest rainforest in captivity. It is located in Cornwall.
- 600,000 school children have visited it.
- it runs courses for apprentices & university degrees.
- over 18 million visitors so far.
- 26 people taken part in their social lunch. Brings communities/neighbourhoods together.
- Generated 3000 jobs elsewhere and employs 700 people.
- in first 10 years has generated an extra £1 billion in visitor spending. E.g accommodation, meals etc.
3
Q
Explain the impacts of globalisation? (4 marks)
A
The UKs economy has become increasingly globalised since the 1980s. This is due to TNCs such as virgin. These TNCs like virgin expect free trade without tariffs, to employ people to provide services wherever cheapest and invest anywhere with u restricted flows of capital , known as FDI. Globalisation has led to to FDI from companies abroad resulting in more jobs of UK economy. Many of the products we but in UK are form foreign TNCs. This increases consumer choice and can lead to much profit meaning the UK can become a TNC based country.
4
Q
What is ethnic segregation?
A
When people of a particular ethnic groups choose to live with other from the same ethnic group.
5
Q
Why does ethnic segregation occur?
A
- to avoid discrimination
- keep cultural identity
- easy access to facilities e.g temples or specific shops - halal meat
6
Q
Where is Newham located
A
Newham is a poor area located in the middle of London. This is the inner city.
7
Q
Statistics regarding the general health of people in Newham:
A
Infant mortality (per 1000): 5.5 People with limiting long term illness (%): 12.3 Premature deaths before 65 (per 100,000): 210
8
Q
Statistics regarding the general health of people in Richmond:
A
Infant mortality (per 1000): 2.75 People with limiting long term illness (%): 7.6 Premature deaths before 65 (per 100,000): 121
9
Q
Statistics regarding the education of people in Richmond:
A
% of students age 16 who did NOT get 5 GCSES at A*-C in 2012: 63
% of 19 year olds with no qualifications: 37
% of 5-18 year olds taking free school meals: 8.4
% of adults educated to degree level: 64
10
Q
Statistics regarding the education of people in Newham:
A
% of students age 16 who did NOT get 5 GCSES at A*-C in 2012: 62
% of 19 year olds with no qualifications: 41
% of 5-18 year olds taking free school meals: 20
% of adults educated to degree level: 26
11
Q
Where is Richmond located?
A
Located west of London along the River Thames.
12
Q
What is deprivation?
A
A lack of wealth and services. It usually means low standards of living caused by low income, poor health and low educational qualifications.
13
Q
Suggest 2 reasons why life expectancy in Newham will be lower than in Richmond?
A
Because richer people tend to live in Richmond and therefore have more money to buy healthier food for a well balanced healthier die. Another reason is that they have more money and there more access to facilities (sports). E.g can afford a gym membership.
14
Q
Other statistics for Newham negative.
A
Most housing is rented only 32% own properties
35% rent privately
32% rent from social housing
15
Q
Stats on transport and transport improvements:
A
London introduced congestion charge in 2003. 6% increase in bus passengers and income invested in London transport (£1.2 billion)
16
Q
What does the rural periphery consist of?
A
Lower incomes - people retire here, therefore aren’t earning money. More jobs in farming. Tourism is seasonal and have minimum pay. Few high-income professionals here.
Low population density- smaller towns and villages no cities.
High transport costs - many people have to travel long distances to work. No or poor public transport. Car is a necessity.
Older population - popular place for retirement
Out migration of younger people - young people have fewer opportunities for employment of universities so move out.
17
Q
What is one face by peripheral areas?
A
They don’t receive the same level of investment which affluent urban core regions receive.
18
Q
What are the two main reasons for population growth in the UK?
A
- Net migration
- Natural increase (e.g more births than deaths)
19
Q
What age are most immigrants?
A
In 2014 most immigrants were young working adults ages 18-31.
20
Q
Why are most immigrants young working adults?
A
EU membership, where by anyone in the EU is free to move and work in any member state.
Globalisation, which has revolutionised migration to the UK. London’s ‘knowledge economy’ needs highly qualified and skilled people that the UK cannot provide for (in bulk) e.g Australians who work in IT sector in London.
21
Q
What 3 factors has caused the UK’s rising birth rate?
A
-More women in their 20s choosing to have children earlier.
(Due to reduced employment prospects after 2008 recession)
- more women at older ages (born in 70s) choosing to have children but previously postponed having them to pursue a career.
- increasing numbers of overseas - born women who often have higher fertility rates than UK born women (for religious reasons e.g no contraception)
22
Q
Lost 3 benefits of polish immigration:
A
- contributed £2.54 to economy annually by Eastern European immigrants to the UK.
- Migrants have contributes between 0.5-1% of UK’s economic growth between 2005-6.
- 80% of new immigrants are working people between the ages of 18-35. This offsets the tendency for UK’s ageing population, addressing issue in providing for ageing population.
23
Q
List 3 problems for polish immigration:
A
- The broad geographical spread of polish and A8 migrants has brought large scale migration to areas, which have not experienced it before creating tensions and misunderstandings.
- Anti-polish graffiti has appeared in the streets of a number of UK cities.
- some polish migrants have been exploited by unscrupulous employers and employment agencies in the UK.
24
Q
Why us the UK’s population changing? (4 marks)
A
The UK’s population is changing because of growth in different regions. London is growing at almost 1% each year due to economic growth. South East England , East England and the midlands are also growing as more people move further out of London to seek affordable property. Also the south west, in places like Devon and Cornwall is rising rapidly because as more people retire there. Whereas, areas with slower economic growth in Whales and Northern England show evidence of the North South divide.
25
Why has the UK’s industry changed from 1900 to present?
Because of the shift during the 20th century from secondary-manufacturing to tertiary-services. There now in the 21st century is a shift from tertiary to quaternary, which include software development, scientific research and much more.
26
Why are TNCs moving their factories to LEDC countries?
Because there they can pay less wages to factory workers.
27
What are the main differences between the tertiary and quaternary new economy?
Tertiary:
Some can be unskilled
Need fewer qualifications
More informal
Quaternary:
More formal
Mostly Male
Mostly skilled workers with degrees
28
What does the low salary new economy consist of?
- Mix of male and female employees (tho woman majority)
- jobs in: retail, shopping centres, delivery vans
- Wages are usually minimum or just over
- informal
- Jobs require less qualifications mostly unskilled
- 1/4 of jobs are part time many are temporary
29
What does the high salary knowledge economy (e.g Canary Wharf) consist of?
- Formal
- Full time contact jobs
- male domination
- Jobs in: Global banking, IT and law
- jobs require skill, qualifications and degrees.
- wages are very high with bonus’ depending on degree. Most of 6 figure salaries.
30
What were the reasons for the decline of the docklands?
Containerisation
Goods being transported quicker by air.
The docklands were badly damaged during WW2
31
Effects of the decline of the docklands?
20,000 jobs were lost
60% of the land was derelict or underused
Population fell by 20%
Unemployment rate was 18%
32
What were the four aims of the London Docklands Development corporation?
- Ensure housing is available to all
- Encourage development of existing industry and attract new industry.
- Bring land and buildings back into use
- create an attractive environment
33
Why is London’s situation (location) an important growth factor?
- Close to Europe, London could trade by seas quickly.
- London has a large population, economy and port.
- internationally, London’s time zone helps its economic growth. Able to trade with Asia (5-7 hours ahead), Australia (8-11 hours ahead) and later in the same day with New York (5 hours behind).
34
Londons international connectivity:
- Second biggest international airport at Heathrow.
- Largest international air ‘hub’
- Eurostar brings major European cities within few hours travel from London.
- diverse cities with wide cultural connections
35
Londons national connectivity:
- fastest rail services link major UK cities
| - Future travel times will be quicker with HS2.
36
Londons regional connectivity:
- A1 and M1 roads lead to the North of the UK
| - A radial network-roads converge into London like a spoke of a wheel.
37
Why has London kept its position as a world city even though the fastest economic growth has been happening in Asia?
It’s connectivity (how easy it is to travel or connect with other places.)
38
Where is Dinnington located?
Dinnington is a town in South Yorkshire, England.
39
How has its industry changed through the years in Dinnington?
It was based primary employed with a huge coal mining colliery units it closed in 1992. Mining jobs were full time and well paid. However the site is now a business park, which has created 1700 new jobs between 1998-2008. Most companies there now are tertiary.
IT HAS CHANGED FROM PRIMARY-SECONDARY TO TERTIARY.
40
What is containerisation?
When huge boxes were introduced and goods were placed in these containers and transported. When this was introduced there was no need for as many dock workers.
41
Successes of the LDDC were...
- population increase from 30,000 - 79,000
- 2500 companies now in the area
- 830 hectares of land reclaimed
- 42,000 jobs created
- now a huge tourist attraction
42
Failures of the LDDC were...
- lack of community
- new jobs did not serve the skills of the people that lived in the area (old dockets)
- Noise and air pollution caused by expanding airport.
43
Types of globalisation that have taken part in the UK:
- Nestle
- Adidas
- Starbucks
44
Why has free trade impacted globalisation (made it increase)?
Free trade has increased globalisation because most TNC’s support UK’s membership of the EU because it provides an unrestricted market of 550 million people.
45
How has FDI impacted globalisation?
FDI in UK companies can invest abroad, but overseas TNCs a,so invest in the UK.
46
How has TNCs impacted globalisation?
Role of TNCs has increased with privatisation. This means the change in ownership, such as rubbish collection from public sector.
47
What is free trade?
The free flow of goods and services without tariffs.
48
Why is it important that London is culturally diverse?
Because the knowledge economy depends on it as it draws migrants around the world to London.
49
What is the new economy?
This refers to the growth in tertiary sectors since the 1980s.
50
What is the quaternary sector?
Knowledge based jobs which normally includes the use of technology e.g. financial banking.
51
What is the knowledge economy?
An economy based on specialised knowledge and skill. Jobs require degrees and specialised training.
52
Give some examples of London’s land use:
- tourists, shopping
- markets
- building
- very busy
- big department stores
- entertainment
53
Describe the pattern of London’s population till about present.
The population of Greater London increased dramatically between 1801 and the start of WW2. After this is decreased steadily as people moved out to avoid being bombed. At about 1990 it stated increase again as people started to move back and have children.
54
What two groups of people do migrants consist of?
Skilled: take up well paid jobs in ‘knowledge economy’ highly qualified professionals.
Unskilled: Find work easy to get. Do jobs unwanted by UK workers. E.g waitressing, cleaners, pizza delivery.
55
Why do clusters of specific ethnic groups develop?
- Helps to defend against discrimination
- support ethnic services (e,g temples, specialised shops (halal))
- Helps preserve cultural distinctiveness.
- The helps avoid discrimination and they are with people similar to them who perhaps understand them better.
56
Why has immigration become a necessity for London?
London companies need migrants form overseas for particular skills as there is not enough skilled people in the UK.
E.g Australia and IT
57
What does affluent mean?
Wealthy
58
Give an example of a city that suffered decline?
London, Stratford
59
What is depopulation?
The decline of the total population of an area.
60
What is deindustrialisation?
Decreased activity in manufacturing and closure of industry’s leading to unemployment.
61
What in decentralisation?
Shift of shopping activity and employment away from the CBD to new areas.
62
What is suburbanisation?
The movement of people from the inner suburbs to the outer suburbs.
63
What was the decline of the London docks caused by?
Caused by containerisation. New container ships were larger, so ports moved downstream where water was deeper.
64
What were some of the bigger long lasting impacts of London’s docklands closing?
Industries that relied on the port moved nearer to it. Nearby industries such a s Lea Valley also closed. This was deindustrialisation.
By 2001 only 7.5%of people worked in manufacturing in London whereas in 1970 it was 30%.
Parts of east London has unemployment levels over 60%.
65
Why did suburban growth become possible?
Transport changed such as:
- London underground
- Electrification of surface rail, which made travel to London faster.
66
How did shops cause decentralisation?
People who lived in the suburbs began to shop by car not train. It. Shopping and employment shifted from the CBD. This led to the growth of:
- out of town shopping centres
- retail parks
- business parks
67
What was Newham like before the olympics?
- there were 500 factories
- 1/4 of houses were over crowded
- Newhams industrial last has led to environmental damage
- Toxic wastes contaminated canals.
68
Benefits in Stratford (Newham) post olympics:
50,000 new jobs will be created because of new high tech offices.
People looking for places close to work find it easy to commute from here.
2800 new homes created form athletes village.
Created tourism.
Canals that were dirty were now cleaned.
10,000 new jobs created in Westfield.
69
Disadvantaged post olympics?
People who were forced to move out cannot afford to move back.
70
Why has London expanded?
```
Later marriage
Counter urbanisation
Suburbanisation
Family size
Decreasing divorce
```
71
How has counter urbanisation affected London?
The people have moved to the suburbs but the boundary between city and countryside is becoming more blurred.
72
How has suburbanisation affected London?
Families move into bigger houses and take up more space.
73
How has regelation affected London?
Improved poor areas such as Stratford focusing on improving housing and office space.
74
How has re-urbanisation affected London?
It has caused people to move back to inert city areas. This has led to the gentrification of inner city areas. As well as this businesses have relocated to these areas because of financial growth through the TNCs in growth in the financial sector in London docklands.
75
How has studentrification affected London?
Causes university’s to expand in inner city areas. Students also use local services and pubs (etc) which provide for the local economies.
76
What is the difference between greenfield and brownfield sites?
Greenfield is an area of country side or open space that has not ever been built on.
Brownfield site is an area of derelict land available for re-development.
77
What is rebranding?
To give a place a new brand and get rid of the old one. E.g the dome became the O2.
78
Why does East London need rebranding?
It needed rebranding and regeneration because it was run down with dirty canals and a lack of jobs.
79
Before rebranding Stratford:
- Old housing at least 100 years old.
- traffic and on street parking
- social problems
- poor range of shops
- poor reputation hard to attract new businesses
- High crime rate, especially burglaries
- low exam results in schools.
80
After rebranding Stratford:
- New public open spaces
- 890 new homes built and sold
- new facilities e.g libraries, health centres
- CCTV cameras helped reduce crime by 40%
- helping pupils in schools get better exam results
- new ships including national chain stores
- Training for people to get qualifications and jobs
- Spending on infrastructure e.g east London Underground link
81
What were the 6 stages that made London such an expensive city to live in?
1) London became an attractive city with a growing economy which created more jobs.
2) this meant demand for housing and offices increased.
3) this demand for housing made it more expensive to buy or rent.
4) This therefore means the cost living in London is over £39,000.
5) the prices of a restaurant meal or coffee rises as people earn more.
6) This means companies have to pay more to keep people living and working in London.
82
What factors makes a sustainable city?
```
Affordable housing
Homes are energy efficient
Water is a resource and recycled
Community links are strong
Use renewable resources instead of non renewable resources
Walking and cycling is safe
Use public transport instead of cars
Lots of areas of open space
```
83
What is sustainable living?
Where a resource use meets human needs while preserving the environment for present generations.
84
What does bedZED stand for?
Beddington Zero Energy Development
85
What is BedZED?
Located in Hack bridge, Surrey, it is the UK’s largest eco community, providing, sustainable living for 100 homes.
86
What are the BedZED’s houses like?
They do not need any central heating or air conditioning as it’s architecture is built so it has very thick walls, to keep heat in a good ventilation system means it stays cool during the summer. Wind turbines are in top of the houses to catch wind for the summer. The roof is covered by a plant allied seed am to catch rain water and use it for sewage system (etc).
87
What are seen of the design principles?
- Thick walls
- air ventilation
- plants on roof to retain water
- insulated yet well ventilated
- wind cowls on the roof (heat exchanger)
88
What is the transportation at BedZED?
Onsite car club
89
Problems BedZED is facing?
It’s biomass-fuelled electric system was unreliable, forcing it to go on the national grid.
It’s natural sewage recycling system, has been out of commission for 7 months and has it been replaced because it’s too expensive.
90
How is hot water supplied in BedZED?
There is a gas fired communal boiler, suppling not water for the entire development via an underground mini-district heating system. A large hot water tank in each home helps to store water and keep the hose warm through thermal radiation.
91
How is the hose Kent’s warm in the winter snort form insulation?
The houses and flats are oasis key solar heated using multi storey glazed sun spaces facing the south.
92
What are London’s main problems?
```
Transport
Affordable housing
Energy efficient housing
Green spaces
Recycling
```
93
How is London trying to make transport more sustainable?
Introduced a connection charge in 2003 between Monday-Friday. This has seen a 6%increase in bus passengers. In 2012 all new London buses were hybrid with an energy efficient engine. This has resulted in an overall decrease in pollution and green house gases.
94
How is London trying to improve recycling?
Currently only 34% of London’s waste is recycled. By 2020 it aims to reduce house hold waste by 10%. This will also cut costs by 10% and release less harmful gases into atmosphere.
1/3 of fuel used to heat the Olympic park is household waste.
95
Why is BedZED better than normal houses?
Uses 81% less energy for heating. 45% less electricity and 58% less water than an average British home.
96
Why is lack of green spaces in London a problem?
Housing demand in London means that many people question whether London green belt can survive. Since 1945 750,000 hectares of farmland has been lost.
97
How has London tries to improve employment?
Many companies and organisations are encouraging people to work at home 1-2 days a week. Although this does have its limited (e.g doctors can’t work from home). Only 1/12 work at home.
98
Why is affordable housing a problem?
East village in Stratford is 50% affordable, however to qualify for this you have to have a salary of at least £60,000. Minimum wage workers loose out.
99
Why is life in Terling beneficial to some?
The A12 links London and Terling
Only a 45 minutes drive to London
Houses cheaper than in central London
It has a church and village green
100
Why do ships in Terling struggle to stay open?
- People do online shopping
- easier to go to London for central London shopping
- stop on the way back from London to neither towns with bigger shops nearby large supermarkets
- limited stock in shops
101
Why is the doctors surgery in Terling only open for 5 hours a weeek?
- Limited doctors
| - NHS drawbacks
102
Why is the post office under threat and the pub quiet in Terling?
Post office not being used enough, government cuts leading to them closing nationally. Pub is very quiet because drinks are cheaper from supermarket.
103
Why did the Met office move to Devon?
- Large land to expand on
- 2/3 of Devon is considered an area of outstanding natural beauty.
- offices are 0.5 miles away M5.
- 170 miles London but still accessible.
- area mainly rural and far cheaper than London
- sq foot price per year £9. In London £90
- Offices 3km form exeter airport
- income in area is 10% below UK average
- 42 trains a day travel to London. Fastest 2 hours.
- Daily flights to London and major UK cities.
104
What are some of the issues in Cornwall?
- No knowledge economy
- no Motorway
- Very long county 140km from one end to the other
- no large urban areas so difficult to attract employers.
- much employment linked to tourism so seasonal part time and low wage.
105
Why did farming face a serious decline in Cornwall?
The number of dairy cattle has fallen by 60% since 2000. Falling milk prices have forced many farmers to give up dairying.
106
Why did fishing face a serious decline in Cornwall?
Caused by over fishing of the UK’s fish stocks by UK and EU fishing.
107
Why did Tin mining face a serious decline in Cornwall?
Hard to mine, needs high global prices to make it worth mining. Collapse of tin prices led to the closure of its mines in 1998.
108
Social problems in Cornwall include:
- area has a high percentage of elderly people.
- Only 35% of villages has a doctors surgery and only open one morning a week.
- road and rail transport is very slow
- buses serve 70%of villages but there are only 3-4 a day
- main hospital is in Truro but for many parts of Cornwall that’s is 30 miles away.
- young people have to travel over 30 miles for sixth form education or training.
- Road and rail transport is very slow.
109
Economic problems in Cornwall?
No knowledge economy, mainly low paid workers.
Cornwall has the UK’s lowest weekly wage-£340 compared to London’s £660.
Most employment is seasonal, part time, low wage (£7 and hour)
No large population centres (cities) can’t attract employers.
110
What are the environmental problems facing Cornwall?
For many the living environment is sub standard e.* houses have damp.
The abandoned queries have left an ugly wasteland.
111
Why are urban areas important?
Urban areas/core regions drive the economy as they have the most jobs available and jobs with higher salaries. E.g London home to 13% of the population provided 22% of the countries GDP.
112
What is the multiplier effect?
When people migrate to towns and cities and regions for work and to spend money earned there on housing, goods and services making the area more wealthy.
113
What happens as the multiplier effect develops?
The economic development brought to that region spreads beyond the city, which then becomes the centre of a core region. Cities merge with towns to form conurbations. These then begin to influence a wider area.
114
To make rural areas more attractive to companies what is the UK government and and the EU what 4 things are they creating for investors?
Enterprise zones - places where companies can start up with reduced taxes in profits and access to super fast broadband. In 2015 there were 24 zones but most in urban locations in England.
Regional development grants - similar but available over more of the UK. They include grants and advice to help start up businesses. However, funds are small - investors have to raise 5.5x as much money than governments grants.
EU grants - funds to poorest regions of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU average. Only Cornwall and some parts of Whales qualified.
Improvements to transport: transport improvements are vital to rural regions. Cornwall, North Wales and the Scottish highlands have motorways. Transport investments occur in urban cores. E.g HS2 railway linking London, Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. However, Scotland’s government has invested in a new Borders Railway between Edinburgh and Tweedbank.
115
What statists show that the UKs population is now more multicultural than any time in its history?
In 2014, 15% of the working population was born outside the UK. Many migrants chose to live in London, so that London has the world’s second largest urban immigrant population.
116
What problem does the UK face with an ageing population?
As people get older pension and health care costs increase. The UK needs more people of working age who pay tax to help pay for the ageing population. Immigration is an economics benefit to the UK and it helps to balance the ageing effect.
117
What are some of the general benefits of immigration?
- multicultural friendships and families
| - cultural benefits on British sport, music and food all make the UK a livelier and more creative country.
118
How does economic and social growth differ between different regions in the UK?
- London is almost growing at 1% a year, caused by economic growth.
- South East England, East of England and East Midlands are growing as more people move further out of London to seek affordable property.
- the south west is rising rapidly as more people retire there.
- areas with slower economy growth in Wales and northern England show evidence of a north south divide.
119
How has UKs industry and employment changed since 1980?
Jobs in the primary sector have halved. Over 250,000 people were employed in the coal mines in the 1970s but only 4000 by 2015. Farming lost 100,000 jobs between 1980 and 2015.
Secondary employment has also fallen. These to sectors form the traditional, old economy. Meanwhile the tertiary/quaternary sectors have risen rapidly.
120
What do companies work in, in the knowledge economy (e.g in the Canary Wharf)?
- banks
- UK and overseas property development
- law, ensuring investments are legal
- insurance- to protect global shipping and property
- IT - managing financial systems
- creative industries (film, media, advertising).
121
Define the term teleworking:
Working at home. This occurs in rural areas as technology means people can work flexible hours and not necessarily come into the office. Laptops, emailing and WiFi enable to people to work almost anywhere.
122
What do flexible working hours provided by teleworking mean for a company?
- people can use IT to work anywhere at any time.
- people work with colleagues elsewhere that they’ve never met.
- companies avoid paying for expensive city centre offices. Annual rent can be from£450 per square meter or £5000 a year for an office the size of a small bedroom).
123
What are some of the advantages of teleworking/working from home?
- better health. People take breaks during the day.
- no commuting - lower stress, less traffic connection.
- parents can work from home saving money on child care.
- suits disabled people who don’t have to travel.
- better productivity. People work longer hours instead of commuting.
124
What are some of the disadvangtes of teleworking/working from home?
- isolation from work colleagues and less contact with your boss x being over looked for a promotion?
- sometimes difficult to motivate and organise home-workers.
- work never disappears when your working at home. It is always around you.
125
What does privatisation mean?
The change in ownership of services, such as rubbish collection, from the public sector.
126
In the UK where had privatisation occurred?
Infrastructure: many UK industries are overseas owned p, as are some water and rail companies.
Local council service: you pay council tax for rubbish collection, but your rubbish will be collected by a private company, e.g Aeolia or Serco.
The NHS: Although governments fund the NHS many services are contracted to private companies to do the work e.g virgin care.
127
How has migration affected Newham?
Ethnicity: one of London’s most diverse boroughs. 30% white, 2(% black Caribbean and African, 39% Asian.
Income: low income area.
Housing: Mostly rented. 32% own their own property, 35% rent privately, 32% rent from social housing.
Services: schools under pressure caused by a high birth rate. Pressure on social services with 38%of children living in poverty.
128
How has migration affected Richmond upon Thames?
Ethnicity: one of the least diverse boroughs 85% white, 7% Asians Asian British. Many residents born overseas from EU or USA.
Income: very high income area. Average income is £41,000 - almost double UKs average.
Housing: stable area where affluent people but expensive property. 69% own their property, 16% rent privately, 15% rent from social housing.
Services: less pressure on schools with fewer children.
129
Define the term deprivation:
A lack of wealth and services. It usually means low standard of living caused by low income, poor health and low educational services.
130
What is the index of multiple deprivation?
The government collects information on employment, health, education, housing and services to produce the IMD to show how deprived a place is.
131
Is London deprived?
In 2012 over 2 million people on London loved in poverty - that’s 28% of its population and 7 % higher than the rest of England. Incomes are more unequal in London than any other part of the UK. 1 million of the UKs poorest live there and 1 million of UKs richest live in London.
