Paper 1: Development Dynamics Flashcards
What is a bottom up development?
This is when experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, often run be non governmental organisations.
What is Top down development?
When decision making about the development of a place is done by governments or very large companies.
Problems of the 3 gorges dam include…
-Displacement of 1.2 million people. Including 13 cities, 140 towns and 1350 villages.
-so far has cost $25.6 billion and once finished will have cost $62 billion.
-western route of dam crosses over 5 major fault lines including the epicentre of the 2008 earthquake killing 70,000 people.
-70% of China’s water supply is polluted the project will worsen this.
-due to floods and corrupt governments money is not getting to those who need it who have been displaced by dam leaving many homeless.
-dam is heavy and put constant pressure on tectonic plates.
Home to species such as the white flagged dolphin. The continued development of the dam could mean extinction.
-serious risk of dam breaking - 360 million live with in water shed of the dam.
Benefits of the 3 gorges dam…
-same amount of energy as 10 nuclear power plants.
Provides hydro electricity to 15 million people. Renewable energy source
- provides 10% of China’s power supply.
-200 million prevented against floods.
Replaces 50 million tons of raw coal meaning healthier air.
- allows ships to transport goods.
- increased tourism - biggest dam in world.
-produces 22,250 megawatts of power.
Where is the 3 gorges dam located.
In the northern hemisphere is Asia. It is found in the country China on the Yangtze River in Yilling district.
What is water aid?
Water aid provides clean water in 37 countries around the world. 20/37 are in Africa. They help with sanitation and hygiene and water.
Benefits of water aid…
- The well mean people’s waste or animal waste doesn’t contaminate their water supply when it rains.
- since 1981 they have provided clean water to 24.9 million.
- it’s much cheaper that top down projects and this is a charity so people all around the world can donate money.
- not dangerous to environment.
- It’s spreads less diseases such as cholera and other deadly diseases.
Problems of water aid…
- over $350 million has been wasted on water infrastructures that have since collapsed.
- without money to maintain wells they sometimes have to return to drinking unsafe water.
- creates dependency on rich countries as they have the resources needed to provide help.
- small scale in comparison to top down schemes.
stage 1 of Rostow theory…
Stage 1: traditional society - most people work in agriculture but produce little extra surplus (food to sell). This is a subsistence economy dominated by the the primary sector.
Stage 2 of Rostow’s theory…
Pre condition for take off- there’s a shift from farming to manufacturing. Trade increases profits which are invested into new industries and infrastructures. (Agriculture produces cash crops)
Stage 3 of Rostow’s theory…
Take off - Growth is rapid. Investment and technology create new manufacturing industries. (Take fo requires investment from profits made over seas.)
Stage 4 of Rostow’s theory…
Drive to maturity- a period of growth. Technology is used through out the economy. Industries produce consumer goods.
Stage 5 of Rostow’s theory…
High mass consumption- a countries economy flourishes in a capitalistic system characterised by the mass production and consumerism. Service sector becomes dominated.
What is Rostow’s theory?
Rostow’s theory is a theory that passes through 5 stages of development before a country develops in order to gain a fully functional economy with economic growth. This then leads to countries Industrialising and urbanising.
Analysis Malawi’s population pyramid…
The broad base tells indicates high birth rate linked to early marriages and uneducated women.
Large base also indicates a large dependency ratio meaning children aged 0-14 dominate the country meaning less people are able to work to bring in an income.
Narrow top tells me not many people live past the age of 65. This shows Malawi has a poor health care system and its citizens are poor and cannot afford a healthy balanced diet which can lead to earlier deaths.
Criticism of Rostow’s model…
He based in on the facts that all countries develop in the same way and follow westernisation this is not true.
His theory does not take in consideration rich and poor parts of a country.
What is demographic data?
Links to population.
Birth rate, death rate, dependency ratio, infant mortality rate, fertility rate, life expectancy, maternal mortality,
What are the types of different development?
Economic development: growth in countries that link to income, jobs and purchasing power of people.
Political development: growth in countries that link to government power, building of democracy’s and laws.
Social development: growth in countries that link to health, welfare, education and the power of women.
What is development?
Process of change that affects peoples lives, it may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing the change.
What is a subsistence farmer and how does this prevent the development of a country?
Subsistence farmers are common in Africa it means that they only produce enough to feed their families with little extra to sell for profit. If they had more to sell they would have a bigger income and money to afford an education, fertiliser and better tools. Until this happens the development will remain low.
How to measure development in poor countries like Malawi?
The UN claims Malawi is one of the worlds poorest country. They use development indicators to measure the development, these are:
- GDP: total values of goods and services produced each year.the lower the GDP the poorer to country.
- poverty line: the minimum income required to meet someone’s basic needs. The world bank states at least $1.25 per person per day.
- measuring inequality: these show how equally the wealth is shared among the population. It includes the percentage GDP owned by the wealthiest 10% and worlds poorest 10% of the world.
What are the social development indicators used to measure development?
Access to safe drinking water: the percentage of the population will access to an improved (piped) water supply within 1km.
Literacy rate: the percentage of the population over 15 who can read and write.
Why is Human Development Index (HDI) used?
Although GDP is commonly used to show development it is not always the best indicator because wealth can be unevenly distributed.
What is HDI?
The UN developed HDI as a better way to measure development. HDI consists of a figure per country between 0 and 1 (the higher the better) it is calculated using 4 indicators: life expectancy, GDP per capita, Education-literacy rate and Education -average length in school
There is however a close link between GDP and HDI because they don’t have enough money for health and education.
What problems are associated with corruption preventing development?
One problem with trying to achieve economic development related to the system of governance and corruption. The corruption percentage index was devised to help investors work out where their money is safe.
In corrupt countries invested money is often used to bribe officials or purchase weapons.
What is Malawis youthful population? (Figures)
Malawi has the world most youthful population of any country. In 2015 47% of Malawi’s population aged 0-14 this is 8.2 million out of 17.4 million. The median age was 16.
Young people dominate their population structure. This tells us a lot about a countries development. The demographic data shows is the same as most poor countries.
What is demographic data and population structure?
Demographic data: all data linked to population. e.g birth/death rate.
Population structure: the number of each sex in each age group.
How does population change affect development?
Development brings change. As countries develop GDP per capita increases. This increased wealth means more money to spend on: Health, education and piped water. Every demographic indicator changes. Rapidly falling death rates at common in developing countries.
As a country develops what changes occur in the demographic data?
Birth and death rates, dependency ratios, fertility rates, infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rates all decrease/fall.
Life expectancy, years of schooling, and literacy rates all increase.
What are the demographic indicators?
Birth rate Death rate Fertility rate Infant mortality Life expectancy Maternal mortality Dependency ratio
Why are Malawi’s infant mortality and maternal mortality rate so low?
Skilled health workers only attend 20% of the births so maternal mortality is high.
Babies of unhealthy mothers are more likely to die in the first five years.
Why is education for women rare in Malawi?
Primary education is free in Malawi, but there are few state secondary schools - most charge fees which subsistence families can’t afford. In rural areas most girls marry at 13-14 and have their first child soon after, so Malawi has a high fertility rate. This is caused by poverty.
Why are educated women in MEDC more likely to have a low infant and maternal mortality rate?
In developed countries such as the UK educated women are more likely to develop careers, marry and have children later and the rates tumble. The same happens in Malawi among female professionals. As countries develop the lives of most people improve.
How is the Brant line separated?
A group of wealthy countries in North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australasia. (Most were in the northern hemisphere called ‘Global North’) these were the world HIC’s.
A second group of poorer countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Most were in the Southern Hemisphere called ‘Global South’. These are LICs.
How is the world wealth shared out? (Figures)
They are ranked in 5 quintiles. 1-46 consists of the worlds richest countries. The top quintile - the richest 1/5 owns 83% of the worlds wealth.
The bottom two quintiles - 40% own just 2%.
What are some of the criticisms of the Brant line?
- worlds wealth is unevenly shared so there is a gap.
- does not take into account population of a country.
- some countries have now developed more.
- not all parts of a country are poor or rich.
- does not include the BRICs.
- does not take into account countries in the middle.
What factors are holding Malawi back?
It landlocked - Malawi has no coast so has to travel to the nearest coast to import and export goods which is long and expensive.
Rural isolation - 85% of Malawi’s population is rural.
Living with a changing climate - water shortages as temperatures rise (increased evaporation) food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased draught.
Increased pollution - economic growth had led to urban growth in industrial areas.
What are some of the economic barriers holding Malawi back?
- it terms of trade and its debt.
- the tea and coffee trade.
- global trade and the world trade organisation
