Paper 1: Challeneges Of An Urbanising World. Flashcards
What does urbanisation mean?
Means a rise in percentage of people living in an urban area.
How does urbanisation differ between different areas?
The UN predict by 2020 over 53% of world population will live in urban areas. Biggest increase in Asia and Africa.
Asia- urban population expected to grow 64% by 2050.
Africa- urban population will grow to 58% by 2050. But this is the roles slowest urban percentage.
What is the cause of growth in urbanisation?
Natural increase (more births than deaths)
Lack of employment opportunities in country side
Migration to cities
As a country industrialises the number of people living in urban areas increase.
Education/jobs and nightlife
How fast is urbanisation happening in developing countries?
Urbanisation in developing countries has taken place since 1950. Their urban population has risen rapidly (2.3% per year since 2000) meaning its urban population in developing countries doubles every 30 years.
What is a million city?
A city with a population over a million.
In 1950 there were 83 million cities
In 1997 there were 285 million cities (106 HICs and 179 emerging/less developed countries)
By 2015 there were over 500 million.
What is a megacity?
Cities become so large that this is a term used to describe them they have over 10million people.
At the moment Tokyo is the worlds largest city.
How are megacities different from 1980 to 2015?
In 1980 most megacities were high income countries- New York, Tokyo, Paris and London.
However of 2015 there are increasing numbers of megacities in emerging countries. Only 2.5%of the world megacities were in HICs.
What are world cities?
A few megacities such as London and NewYork play a disproportionate role in world affair. They trade and invest globally. The have urban primacy (meaning they are more important and influential than their size suggests.
What are contributors to world cities?
Investment: London and NewYork are the worlds biggest financial centres. Half the world money, several trillion passes through London each year.
Airline Traffic: London airports combined have 120 million passengers making them the biggest in the world. Even bigger than Dubai’s 69 million airport.
Decision making: In TNCs headquarters they decide what to produce and sell where economic activity occurs. 80% of the worlds largest companies have headquarter in London, USA, EU and Japan.
Political decisions: government decisions in the UK can affect people globally. (e.g where to invest or where to resolve conflict)
What are the main causes in economic growth which creates new jobs?
In emerging countries TNCs have invested in factories, causing rapid industrialisation.
In HICs some world cities are growing rapidly as their service economy expands.
What you of migration occurs in Kampala and why?
Kampala in an African city. It’s growth is driven mainly by internet migration. But natural increase also plays apart.
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION occurs here because of push factors from the county side:
-jobs in growing businesses.
-jobs in construction, building infrastructure(transport and water)
-better services (health education)
-better life chances with more opportunities
What migration occurs in New York and why?
International migration. It’s population reached 8.5 million by 2015 and grew by 316,000 people between 2010 - 2014 even though 307 people left the city. It is growing because:
-340 000 net growth
-280 000 from natural increase
A major cause in its growth is the ‘knowledge economy’ it needs well qualified people with university degrees and specialised training. It has to import experts from overseas as there are not enough as well unskilled migrants
What migration has occurred in Detroit and why?
De-industrialisation because between 1960-2000 the wealthier population went to live in the suburbs leaving the poorer population. Detroit received less from local taxes and couldn’t provide services so it went bankrupt.
Many had no jobs and couldn’t afford to pay their mortgages so auctioned their houses as little as $1.
Examples of push factors:
- densely populated
- high pollution rates
- poor economy
- war
- unsafe/high crime rates
- poor standard of living
- poverty
- lack of entertainment
- weather/natural hazards
- crop failures
Examples of pull factors:
- better education
- better job opportunities
- safer/ now war/low crime rates
- better Standard of living
- family
- weather (good climate)
- better economy
- fertile land
- more services and entertainment
- nightlife
Problems with urbanisation?
- traffic congestion
- urban waste
- stress on city services and infrastructure
- high air and water pollution rates -lots of cars and waste deposited in water.
What is the difference between the informal and formal economy?
Informal economy: means an unofficial economy, where no records are kept. Not taxed or monitored. People in the informal economy have no contracts or employment rights.
Formal economy: means one in which is official and meets legal standards for accounts, taxes and workers’ pay and conditions.
Example of the informal economy jobs?:
Selling goods e.g clothes, groceries
Cooking/selling food e.g fruit and vegetables
Offering a service e.g mending a car tyre
How does the informal and formal economy run in Kampala?
Informal sector: Kampala has a huge informal economy. It earns around 50% of its GDP from informal work and 80% of its people work init. It makes $33 billion a year and offers opportunities to poor and unskilled
Formal: manufacturing is small employing only 5% of the population, services are the main part of this sector e.g shops and stalls, banks, offices
How does the informal and formal economy run in New Delhi?
Informal: ranked 39th wealthiest countries. 75% of its work is in informal sector. Provides 50% of India’s GDP $3.6 trillion. This includes lowest factories, selling food and cigarettes and clothing.
Formal: most people work in services. This earns New Delhi 78% of its GDP. Manufacturing provides 20% of this.
How does the informal and formal economy run in New York?
Formal: if it was a country it would be ranked 12th richest. Manufacturing and financial each make up 10% but most money made from ‘knowledge economy’
Informal: earns 7% of US GDP each year which is $1 trillion. Made up of 2 groups:
-migrants both legal and illegal
-self employed workers who do not declare income to tax officials.
Consists of construction worker, street sellers and cleaners and caterers.
What is suburbanisation and when did New York experience this?
Suburbanisation: movement of people form inner to outer suburbs.
Manhattan soon became crowded and the only way to build was up. Transport made outward expansion possible. Greater space outside the city promised quality life. You could buy a ,Arne house with a garden to raise your family 30 miles from Long Island and be in Manhattan in 40 minutes. Car ownership also made this possible as well as the rail.
What is counter-urbanisation and when did occur in New York?
When people leave towns and cities to live in the country side.
Between 1950-1980 second generation white migrants who had done well enough moved out. It was known as ‘white flight’ and left behind blacks and poorer migrants and businesses and sales taxation fell. They left because they felt unsafe.
What is re-urbanisation and when did this occur?
People who used to love in cities who moved out to suburbs and then moves back to the city.
This was because since 1980 three changes attracted people back to New York?
-the knowledge economy has created employment in city
-closure of docks and industries meant space for regeneration
-the city was safer due to a ‘zero tolerance’ policy towards crime.
Where is Mumbai located and how has this it increased its development?
It lies of a deep water estuary of the Ulhas river so it’s port has grown around it and has become India’s largest container port. The city is low lying just above sea level and lies 19 degrees north of the equator so it is tropical with a moss on season between June-September.
