Topic 2 - Development Dynamics Flashcards
What are the different aspects that development is judged upon?
Economic- economic growth, how wealthy a country is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology
Social- standard of living, health care and clean water
Political- having a stable political system with institutions that can meet the needs of society
Describe the fertility and mortality rates of developing counties.
They have higher fertility and birth rates because there is no use of contraception, people have lots of children and lots die because of a lack of healthcare.
Death rate is high due to poor health care.
There are lots more children compared to adults
Describe the fertility and mortality rates of emerging countries.
Fertility rates fall as woman have a more equal place in society and a better education.
The use of contraception increases and women work instead of having children.
Health care improves so life expectancy improves
There are more people working age than there are children
Describe the fertility and mortality rates of developing countries.
Fertility rates are low because people want possessions and a high quality of life, they may have elderly relatives so there is less money available for having children.
Health care is good so death rate is low and life expectancy is high
Lots more elderly people and the proportion of children decrease
How is climate a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
If a county is really hot or really cold not much will grow. It reduces the amount of food produced, which can lead to malnutrition, people who are malnourished have a lower quality of life.
People have fewer crops to sell so less money to spend
How is topography a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
If the land in a country is steep then it wont produce alot of food it has the same affect as having a poor climate (malnutrition).
Steep land makes it difficult to develop infrastructure, it can limit trade and makes it harder to provide basic services
How is education a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
Educating people provides a more skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services that can bring money into the country.
Educated people also earn more, so they earn more, so they pay more taxes. It provides money which can be spent on investment.
How is health a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
In some poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that many people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera
People who are ill cant work so they are not contributing to the economy. They may also need expensive medicine or health care.
Lack of contribution to the economy and increased spending on healthcare means there is less money for development
How is colonialism a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
Countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised
European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century, they controlled the economies of their colonies, removed raw materials and slaves and sold back expensive manufactured goods. It was bad for Africa development because parts of Africa were dependant on europe and led to famine
How is neo-colonialism a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
After colonies gained their independence, richer countries continued to control them indirectly.
For example some TNCs exploit the cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries
International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, which means poorer countries are forced to develop the way that there donates want them to
How Economic and political a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
Authoritarian governments can put development polices in place without warning or stopping them, this can be good but can also be bad
Corrupt governments can hinder development by taking money intended for development
Countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements they can also get loans for development easier
What are the educational impacts that global inequalities have on developing counties
Poorer countries cant afford to invest as much into education
Poorer people may not be able to afford school fees or children may have to work instead of going to school
Lack of education means low skilled jobs so poverty cycles continues
What are the health impacts that global inequalities have on developing counties
People in developing countries are at a higher risk for many diseases than people in developed countries leading to lower life expectancy
Infant mortality rates are much higher
Poorer people find it harder to get quality health care and healthy food
What are the political impacts that global inequalities have on developing counties
Inequalities can increase political instability, crime and discontent in poorer countries
This means civil wars are more likely in developing countries. Conflict can increase inequality, poverty increases as money is spent on fighting than on development.
Developing countries are often dependant on richer countries, it means they have less influence over regional and global decisions
What are the environmental problems caused by global inequalities in developing countries?
Economic development leads to more consumption of food, water and energy as people get wealthier. It can threaten ecosystem as people have to build on green land.
Industrialisation increases pollution
Waste from dumps and fields ends up in rivers killing marine life
Many developed countries have factories in developing countries so there is both factories from developed and developing countries in that country
If people cant afford fuel then they have to chop down trees leading to deforestation
What is rostows theory?
It predicts how a county’s level of development changes over time, it describes how an economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry to secondary then tertiary and quaternary. At the same time peoples standard of living improves.
What are the fives stages of develop,ent in rostows theory? (Don’t describe)
Traditional society Preconditions for take off Take off Drive to maturity Mass consumption
Describe traditional society in the rostows theory of development.
Subsistence based, farming fishing and forestry. Little trade
Describe preconditions for take off in the rostows theory of development .
Manufacturing starts to develop. Infrastructure is built, e.g roads, power networks. International trade begins.
Describe take off in the rostows theory of development
Rapid, intensive growth, large scale industrialisation. Increasing wealth
Describe drive to maturity in the rostows theory of development
Economy grows so people get wealthier. Standards of living rise. Widespread use of technology
Describe mass consumption in the rostows theory of development
Lots of trade. Goods are mass produced. People are wealthy, so there are high levels of consumption
What is franks dependancy theory?
Franks dependancy theory was developed as an alternative to rostows.
It suggests that poorer weaker, periphery, countries remain poor because they are dependant on the rich, core, countries
The rich countries continue to take control of the poorer countries for labour and materials( neo-colonialism)
For example poor countries sell crops cheaply to core countries but are forced to manufactured goods expensively from core countries trapping them.
Periphery countrys could be lent money with high amounts of interest .
It means that poor countries stay dependant on richer countries
D3scribe globalisation
Every country has its own political and economic systems as well as culture
Globalisation is the process of the worlds systems and cultures becoming more integrated, its the whole world coming together like a single community.
What causes globalisation?
Improve,ents in ICT include email, internet, mobile phones and phone lines which can carry information faster, it has made it easier and quicker for businesses all over the world to communicate with each other
Improvements in transport has made it easier for people all over the world to communicate face to face. Its made it easier for companies to get supplies and to get supplies and to distribute their products all over the world
How are TNCs increasing globalisation?
They are companies that produce products, sell products or are located in more than one country. Sony.
They link countries together through the production and sale of goods
They bring culture to many different countries
They promote consumerism- people in developing and emerging countries see all the products that people in developed countries have and want to have them too.
How are governments increasing globalisation?
Free trade- they promote free trade e.g. reducing tariff on goods. It means it is much easier to move goods, money and services between countries.
Investment-governments compete with each other to attract investment by TNCs. They believe TNCs will bring jobs increasing income from taxes and promote economic growth.
Privatisation-they hand over companies to foreign private companies
How can TNCs increase global inequality?
Free trade benefits richer countries, profits return to headquarters and poor countrys struggle to compete.
Richer countries attract skilled labour from poor countries and so leads to a brain drain in poor countrys
Describe the type of strategy, scale and aims, funding and technology of a top-down approach
A government or large company will direct the project.
Often used for large products such as dams or hydroelectric power or irrigation schemes. They aim to solve large scale problems and improve the lives of lots of people.
Very expensive. Funded by TNCs or countries who will benefit. Funded by loans from international organisations or the world bank.
They are often high tech and energy intensive, they are normally operated by high skilled workers from abroad. The recipient country becomes dependant on technology and workers from the donor country.
Describe the type of strategy, scale and aims, funding and technology of a bottom-up approach
Local communities decide, non-government organisations are involved.
Small scale e.g building a well. Improve quality of life for poorest people im society.
Cheaper. Donations from charities from rich countries.
Involves intermediate technology. Local materials are used and local people are employed
What are the advantages of NGO led intermediate technology?
Projects are designed to address the needs of people local to where projects are carried out.
Locally available, cheap materials are used so the community isn’t dependant on expensive imports.
Projects are labour intensive and create jobs for local people.
What are the disadvantages of NGO led intermediate technology?
Projects are often small scale so they may not benefit everyone.
Different organisation may not work together and so projects may be inefficient
What are the advantages of IGO funded infrastructure?
IGOs can afford to fund large infrastructure projects in developing and emerging countries
The projects can improve the countries economy helping with long term development. HEP stations may promote industry which provides jobs and boosts the economy.
People have better access to reliable power and water improving quality of life.
What are the disadvantages of IGO funded infrastructure?
Large projects are expensive and it can cause debt if the country had to pay back a loan .
They might not help everyone, HEP projects wont supply power to slums.
Corrupt governments may take money.
They are energy intensives, use resources, release greenhouse gases and lead to loss of ecosystems.
What are the advantages of TNCs investing money in developing countries
TNCs provide employment for local people.
More companies mean a greater income from taxes for the host country
Some TNCs run programes to help development
TNCs may invest in infrastructure, improving roads and basic services. Improving the quality of life for people
What are the disadvantages of TNCs investing money in developing countries
Some profits leave the host country
TNCS can lead to environmental problems as environmental laws are much less strict in developing countries.
TNCs may move around the country to take advantages of local tax breaks, leaving people jobless as the company moves on
Describe India as an emerging country (case study)
It has the second largest population in the world 1.3B It was a british colony until 1947 Bollywood films Tourist destination Ports, increasing trade
How has Indias economy changed since 1990?
India is getting rapidly wealthier 0.3T in 1990 to 2.1T in 2015
It has large inequalities of welthy and poor people
Primary and secondary industry employ 69% of the workforce but account for less than half of indias GDP.
Indias tertiary and quaternary sector account for 45% of GDP
How has India changed what it is exporting and importing since 1990?
Exports where low value manufactured goods e.g. clothing and primary products such as teas
They were importing manufactured goods. E.g machinery and chemicals.
In 2015 they exported high value manufactured goods e.g. machinery and imported crude oil for transport
How has Globalisation increased development in India?
50% of Indians own a smart phone, this has enables small businesses to flourish.
It has 12 major ports and 20 international airports. The rail network carries 8 billion passengers a year and 3 million tons of freight every day
Trade has increased because of this.
TNCS outsource to india providing jobs tax money and tech
How has Government policy increased development in India?
In 1991 india received 2.1B in aid from the IMF in exchange for the government by lowering the taxes on imported goods.
Indias Education is now free and 96% of children are in education so a more skilled work force.
The rail network is being upgraded and new roads and airports are being built .
India is a hot spot of FDIs. They are trying to loosen the rules on how much land FDIs can use to attract even more of them.
How is development causing population change in India?
1) Birth rates in india are high. Death rates and infant mortality rates have fallen
- it has increased from 870mill in 1990 to 1.3bill in 2015
- 28% of population are under 14
- life expectancy increased from 58 to 68 in 2014
2) fertility rate fell from 4.0 in 1990 to 2.4 in 2014
3) india has 4 megacities
4) more people living in urban areas
Why are some regions of India developing faster than others?
Rapid economic growth has increased inequality within India.
The gap between rich and poor is widening
GDP per capita has increased per person
More money gets spent on attracting TNCs and FDIs which improve quality of life and improve literacy rates
In more rural states poverty is high, people cant afford food or education and so are trapped in a poverty cycle.
What are the positive impacts of economic development?
All age groups have better health, longer life expectancy, lower infant mortality, lower maternal mortality
Better education, high skilled jobs more common and adults are becoming literate
There is better gender equality
Woman have better access to contraception and family planning advice
What are the negative impacts of economic development?
Rapid industrialisation means young men are working dangerous jobs, working conditions may have also been poor due to lack of regulations.
Children in rural areas get less education because teachers move to urban locations. Children may be forced to do agricultural labour.
Still lots of gender inequality, it is unsafe for women in urban areas, women have to care for children and do housework
What are the impacts on the environment due to economic development in India?
More greenhouse gases are released due to industrialisation. 7% of all greenhouse gases are indias
More factories and cars increase air pollution leading to lung disease and cancer. 0.5 million people died from air pollution related diseases last year.
Urban sprawl leads to land and water pollution, human waste is deposited into rivers along with toxic waste from factories
How is Indias Global influence increasing?
India is playing a bigger role in global politics as it develops.
It is a member of several international organisations- it is in the the top 20 economics.
Economic growth has also changed Indias relationship with the USA and EU
How has Indias economic growth also changed Indias relationship with the USA?
India used to have a poor relationship with USA but it is improving.
The USA expects the economic development of INDIA to increase trade, employment and economic growth in both countries
The USA also sees india as a huge market for renewable and nuclear energy because of the number increasingly wealthy people and the growth of industry.
How has Indias economic growth also changed Indias relationship with the EU?
India has had a good relationship with the EU and they became strategy partners in 2004 agreeing to cooperate on certain issues.
India is one of the EUs biggest markets and trading partners.
The EU supports health and education programes in India to promote continued development.
What are the costs of Foreign development on india?
There is increased tension between India and china, both have rapidly growing economies, developed nations are concerned about losing power as india grows.
What are the benefits of Foreign development on india?
Improved relations mean india can cooperate with other countries on global issues. E.g. climate change
