Comp 1 Topic 3- Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards
Describe Urbanisation in poorer countries.
More than 50% of the worlds population currently live in urban areas, this is increasing every day.
Urbanisation happened earlier in developed countries and most of the populations 79% live in urban areas.
Developed countries have slow rates of urban growth.
35% of people in developing countries live in urban areas.
Developing countries have higher rates of urban growth
Urbanisation will continue in countries with large rural populations.
What is a primate city?
It is when one city dominates the country it is in.
They have a much larger population than the next biggest city normally double
They influence the country economically by business locating there attracting infrastructure and surfaces.
Migration; people move there for both skilled and unskilled work.
Transport: trains, planes international ports and airports encourage more migration and investment
They are affected politically because governments are built there and therefor future decisions may benefit the city over the rest of the country
How will the rate of urbanisation change in the future?
The rate of urbanisation in developed counties will slow down and stay around 70-85% however developing countries rates will continue to increase from 40-50% to 60%
What is a megacity?
A many centred, multi cultural area of more than 10 million people. A megacity can be formed from many cities being combined together
How has the number of megacities changed over time?
High rates of urbanisation are leading to an increase of population and therefore megacities.
The number of megacities is increasing.
More than two thirds of current megacities are in developing and emerging countries such as indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh
Increase to 28 from 2 since 1950 to 2014
What are push factors of migration?
A shortage of jobs or low wages Poor standard Poor healthcare and education War or conflict Natural disasters Poor environment
Pull factors of migration.
Employment opportunity Better standard of living Better health care Better education A safe place with little crime A cleaner environment
How is economic change in developing countries leading to migration?
Rural areas are very poor, improvements in agriculture means fewer farm workers are needed. It leads to national migration as people search for jobs.
Trade provides lots of jobs
Some cities are attracting foreign companies and the manufacturing industry is expanding
How is economic change in emerging countries leading to migration?
Some cities have become Industrial centres, there are lots of manufacturing jobs. Other cities have a rapidly expanding service sector people move to work in the new industries.
They invest in flagship projects which attracts foreign investment creating jobs and attracting workers
How is economic change in developed countries leading to migration?
De industrialisation has led to the decline of industrial areas, people moved away to find work elsewhere.
A lot of low skilled people are drawn to cities for low skilled jobs leading to a decline of the cities they are leaving.
Describe the urban economy of developing countries (informal/formal, economic sectors, working conditions)
Many workers are employed in the informal sector.
Lots of people work in the low skilled tertiary sector
Few people work in the secondary sector because their is not enough money to invest in the technology needed.
A small amount work in tertiary jobs
Working conditions are poor.
Describe the urban economy of emerging countries (informal/formal, economic sectors, working conditions)
Number of people working in informal sector decrease as the country develops
Employment in the secondary sector is high. There are established industrial zones and good infrastructure
Lots of people in low skilled tertiary jobs.
As the industrial economy grows people have more money to spend on services .
Conditions improve and workers rights improve.
Describe the urban economy of developed countries (informal/formal, economic sectors, working conditions)
Few workers in the informal sector.
Fewer people work in the secondary sector
Most people work in the tertiary sector because there is an educated workforce.
There is some employment in quaternary sector because the country has high skilled labour
Conditions are good, pay is high workers have rights protected by the law
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of the population living in built up urban areas.
Cities in developed countries grew during the industrial revolution, workers live in small terraced buildings around factories.
What is suburbanisation?
It is the movement of people from the middle of the city to the edges.
Urbanisation caused urban areas to become crowded and polluted, people left to suburban areas which are more green and less polluted.
De-industrialisation
As countries develop they experienced deindustrialisation
It is affected by business moving out of city centres to rural aras
Oversea due to cheaper costs
Counter urbanisation?
Is the movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas
Better quality of life in rural areas
People can commute to work
Communication services like skype
Regeneration?
City centres reverse the decline of urban areas due to suburbanisation de industrialisation and counter urbanisation
What are the three types of land use in cities? How do they collate to the different parts of the city?
Commercial- offices, buildings, shopping centres and hotels. Mainly CBD
Industrial- factories and warehouses. Rural urban fringe
Residential- houses, flats and apartments. Inner city, suburbs
How is land use influenced by Accessibility, Availability, Cost and planning regulations.
Accessibility- city centres are very accesible, Shops and offices locate in city centres, some businesses locate on the edges of cities away from the traffic congestion of the city.
Planning Regulations- city planners control what buildings are built where, strict planning regulations in the city centre, strict limits on development into rural-urban fringe (greenbelts)
Availability- buildings are built upwards instead of outwards, brownfield sites will redevelop, lots of space on the edges of cities for large buildings
Cost- the city centre has high land prices, the cost of land falls the further out. Some business locate in the city centre but there are few houses, houses tend to increase in size from the city centres
