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Biology Paper 1 > TOPIC 2//Circulatory system/ Lungs/ Cardiovasc Disease/ Cancer/ Health and Disease > Flashcards

TOPIC 2//Circulatory system/ Lungs/ Cardiovasc Disease/ Cancer/ Health and Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What carries out gas exchange in the human body

A

Alveolis

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2
Q

how does the alveoli carry out gas exchange

A

the alveoli is surrounded by cappilaries which contain red blood cells which came from the lungs and contain a lots of carbon dioxide and little oxygen. oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into red blood cell and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cell into alveoli to leave the body

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3
Q

what is the circulatory system made up of

A

bloodvessels, heart and blood

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4
Q

what do the valves do in the heart

A

prevent backflow of blood and keeps it moving in one direction

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5
Q

what is the purpose of the coronary arteries surrounding the heart

A

it gives and makes sure the heart has its own supply of oxygenated blood

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6
Q

what is a pacemaker

A

a group of cells in the right atrium wall which produce small electric impulses which spread to surrounding muscles cells causing them to contract

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7
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker

A

a little device implanted under skin and has a wire going to the heart which produces electric current to keep heat beating regularly if natural pacemaker doesnt work

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8
Q

3 facts about an artery

A
  1. artery walls have elastic fibre because heart pumps blood at high pressure and needs to be stretchy and spring back
  2. the walls are thick compared to the lumen
  3. they have thick layers of muscle to make them strong
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9
Q

4 facts about a cappilary

A
  1. cappilaries walls are one cell thick which increases rate of diffusion
  2. they carry blood really close to every cell in body to exchange substances with
  3. permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
  4. they suply food and oxygen and take away waste like carbon dioxide
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10
Q

3 facts about veins

A
  1. the blood is at lower pressure in veins so the walls dont need to be thick like arteries
  2. they have big lumens to help blood flow
  3. they have valves
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11
Q

formula for rate of blood flow

A

volume of blood / minutes

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12
Q

what is the role of red blood cells

A

to carry oxygen from lungs to all body cells

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13
Q

describe the structure of a red blood cell

A

its shape is a biconcave disc which gives it a large surface area for absorbing oxygen.
they also dont have a nucleus which allows more room for carrying oxygen

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14
Q

what is the role of white blood cells

A

defend against infection. some can change shape to engult unwelcome microorganism in a process called phagocytosis. others produce antibodies to fight microorganisms as well as antitoxins to neautralise any toxins produced my microorganism

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15
Q

what do white blood cells not contain

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

describe purpose of platelets in blood

A

small fragments of cells which have no nucleus and helps the blood clot at a wound to stop all your blood pouring out

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17
Q

what can a lack of platelets cause

A

excessive bleeding and bruising

18
Q

describe coronary heart disease

A

coronary arteries that supply blood to muscles of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up

19
Q

what does coronary heart disease cause

A

causes arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted and theres a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle resulting in a heart attack

20
Q

What is a stent and the function of stents

A

stents are tubes inserted inside artery which keeps artery open ensuring blood can flow through to heart muscle and keeps persons heart beating

21
Q

What is a advantage of using stents

A

stents lower the risk of an heart attck. they are effective for a long time and the recovery time for the surgery is relatively quick

22
Q

What are disadvantages of using stents

A

there are risk of complications during operation and a risk of infection from surgery. there is also a risk of patient developing a blood clot near stent called thrombosis

23
Q

what are the 2 types of cholesterol

A

LDL (BAD)
HDL (GOOD)

24
Q

what are statins

A

drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in bloodstream which slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming

25
Q

What is cholesterol

A

an essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function properly

26
Q

What happens if you have too much LDL
cholesterol in your bloodstream

A

can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries which lead to coronary heart disease

27
Q

What are 2 advantages of statins

A
  1. by reducing LDL in blood, statins reduce risk of developing strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attack
  2. statins also increase the amount of HDL in your bloodstream which can remove LDL cholesterol
28
Q

What are the 3 disadvantages of statins

A
  1. long term drug that must be taken regularly and is a risk of forgetting to take them
  2. statins can sometimes cause negative side effets e.g. headaches and some serious ones like kidney failure, liver damage and memory losss
  3. the effect of statins is not instand. it takes time for it to kick in
29
Q

What are artificial hearts

A

mechanical devices that pump blood for a person whose own heart has failed which is usually a temporary fix to keep person alive untiil donor heart is available to help a person recover by allowing their heart to rest and heal

30
Q

What is one advantage of a artificial heart

A

they are less likely to be rejected by bodys immune system than a donor heart because theyre made from metal and plasticsso body doesnt recognise them as foreign

31
Q

what is 4 disadvantage of artificial heart

A
  1. surgery to fit artificial heart can lead to bleeding and infection
  2. artificial hearts dont work as well as natural ones
  3. blood doesnt flow through artificial hearts as smoothly which can cause blood clots and strokes
  4. the patient has to take blood thinning drugs
32
Q

what is an artificial blood

A

artificial blood is a blood substitute which is used to replace the lost volume of blood . it can keep the patient alive and enough time to produce new red blood cells

33
Q

Define health

A

the state of physical and mental wellbeing

34
Q

Define Communicable disease

A

those that can spread between people or between animals and people

35
Q

what are comminucable diseases caused by

A

things like bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

36
Q

Define Non-Communicable disease

A

those that cannot spread between people or between animals and people

37
Q

5 factors that affect your health are…

A

Balanced diet
stress
life situation
bad immune system
mental health

38
Q

what are the 4 risk factors that cause disease

A

substances in environment
smoking
obesity
drinking a lot of alcohol

39
Q

what is cancer caused by

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and division

40
Q

What is a Benign Tumour

A

Where the tumour grows until there is no more room
This tumour isnt normally dangerous and cancerous
The tumour stays in one place within a membrane rather than invading other tissues in the body

41
Q

What is a Malignant tumour

A

where the tumour growns and spreads to neighnouring healthy tissues
Malignant tumours are dangerous and cancerous
Cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body by travelling in bloodstream
malignant cells then invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body and form secondary tumours

42
Q

what are the 4 risk factors of cancer

A

Smoking
Obesity
Viral Infection
Inheriting faulty genes

Biology Paper 1 (7 decks)

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