TOPIC 2//Circulatory system/ Lungs/ Cardiovasc Disease/ Cancer/ Health and Disease Flashcards
What carries out gas exchange in the human body
Alveolis
how does the alveoli carry out gas exchange
the alveoli is surrounded by cappilaries which contain red blood cells which came from the lungs and contain a lots of carbon dioxide and little oxygen. oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into red blood cell and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cell into alveoli to leave the body
what is the circulatory system made up of
bloodvessels, heart and blood
what do the valves do in the heart
prevent backflow of blood and keeps it moving in one direction
what is the purpose of the coronary arteries surrounding the heart
it gives and makes sure the heart has its own supply of oxygenated blood
what is a pacemaker
a group of cells in the right atrium wall which produce small electric impulses which spread to surrounding muscles cells causing them to contract
What is an artificial pacemaker
a little device implanted under skin and has a wire going to the heart which produces electric current to keep heat beating regularly if natural pacemaker doesnt work
3 facts about an artery
- artery walls have elastic fibre because heart pumps blood at high pressure and needs to be stretchy and spring back
- the walls are thick compared to the lumen
- they have thick layers of muscle to make them strong
4 facts about a cappilary
- cappilaries walls are one cell thick which increases rate of diffusion
- they carry blood really close to every cell in body to exchange substances with
- permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
- they suply food and oxygen and take away waste like carbon dioxide
3 facts about veins
- the blood is at lower pressure in veins so the walls dont need to be thick like arteries
- they have big lumens to help blood flow
- they have valves
formula for rate of blood flow
volume of blood / minutes
what is the role of red blood cells
to carry oxygen from lungs to all body cells
describe the structure of a red blood cell
its shape is a biconcave disc which gives it a large surface area for absorbing oxygen.
they also dont have a nucleus which allows more room for carrying oxygen
what is the role of white blood cells
defend against infection. some can change shape to engult unwelcome microorganism in a process called phagocytosis. others produce antibodies to fight microorganisms as well as antitoxins to neautralise any toxins produced my microorganism
what do white blood cells not contain
Nucleus
describe purpose of platelets in blood
small fragments of cells which have no nucleus and helps the blood clot at a wound to stop all your blood pouring out
what can a lack of platelets cause
excessive bleeding and bruising
describe coronary heart disease
coronary arteries that supply blood to muscles of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up
what does coronary heart disease cause
causes arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted and theres a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle resulting in a heart attack
What is a stent and the function of stents
stents are tubes inserted inside artery which keeps artery open ensuring blood can flow through to heart muscle and keeps persons heart beating
What is a advantage of using stents
stents lower the risk of an heart attck. they are effective for a long time and the recovery time for the surgery is relatively quick
What are disadvantages of using stents
there are risk of complications during operation and a risk of infection from surgery. there is also a risk of patient developing a blood clot near stent called thrombosis
what are the 2 types of cholesterol
LDL (BAD)
HDL (GOOD)
what are statins
drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in bloodstream which slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming
What is cholesterol
an essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function properly
What happens if you have too much LDL
cholesterol in your bloodstream
can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries which lead to coronary heart disease
What are 2 advantages of statins
- by reducing LDL in blood, statins reduce risk of developing strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attack
- statins also increase the amount of HDL in your bloodstream which can remove LDL cholesterol
What are the 3 disadvantages of statins
- long term drug that must be taken regularly and is a risk of forgetting to take them
- statins can sometimes cause negative side effets e.g. headaches and some serious ones like kidney failure, liver damage and memory losss
- the effect of statins is not instand. it takes time for it to kick in
What are artificial hearts
mechanical devices that pump blood for a person whose own heart has failed which is usually a temporary fix to keep person alive untiil donor heart is available to help a person recover by allowing their heart to rest and heal
What is one advantage of a artificial heart
they are less likely to be rejected by bodys immune system than a donor heart because theyre made from metal and plasticsso body doesnt recognise them as foreign
what is 4 disadvantage of artificial heart
- surgery to fit artificial heart can lead to bleeding and infection
- artificial hearts dont work as well as natural ones
- blood doesnt flow through artificial hearts as smoothly which can cause blood clots and strokes
- the patient has to take blood thinning drugs
what is an artificial blood
artificial blood is a blood substitute which is used to replace the lost volume of blood . it can keep the patient alive and enough time to produce new red blood cells
Define health
the state of physical and mental wellbeing
Define Communicable disease
those that can spread between people or between animals and people
what are comminucable diseases caused by
things like bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi
Define Non-Communicable disease
those that cannot spread between people or between animals and people
5 factors that affect your health are…
Balanced diet
stress
life situation
bad immune system
mental health
what are the 4 risk factors that cause disease
substances in environment
smoking
obesity
drinking a lot of alcohol
what is cancer caused by
Uncontrolled cell growth and division
What is a Benign Tumour
Where the tumour grows until there is no more room
This tumour isnt normally dangerous and cancerous
The tumour stays in one place within a membrane rather than invading other tissues in the body
What is a Malignant tumour
where the tumour growns and spreads to neighnouring healthy tissues
Malignant tumours are dangerous and cancerous
Cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body by travelling in bloodstream
malignant cells then invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body and form secondary tumours
what are the 4 risk factors of cancer
Smoking
Obesity
Viral Infection
Inheriting faulty genes
