TOPIC 1// Cells/ Chromosomes/Mitosis/ Exchanging substances/Binary fission Flashcards
Define Nucleus
Contains genetic information and controls cell activity
Define Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance where most chemical reactions occur. Contains enzymes that controls reaction
Define Mitochondria
Most reactions for aerobic respiration occurs
Define Cell Membrane
Holds cell together and controls what enters and exits
Define Ribosomes
Where proteins are made
Define Cell wall
Made of cellulose which supports cell and strengthens it
Define Permanent Vacuole
Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salt
Define Chloroplast
Where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for plants
What does Bacteria cell contain
Cell membrane, Cytoplasm Circular strand of DNA, Plasmids, Cell wall
What is smaller. prokaryote or eukaryote
Prokaryotic cell
Formula for magnification
magnification= image size/real size
Define Differentiation
The process by which a cell becomes specialised for its job
What is an Embryonic Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells which have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell
How can stem cells be used to preserve rare plant species
copies of the plant can be made by taking stem cells from the meristem and growing them into new, genetically identical plants
What are Chromosomes
Coiled up lengths of DNA
What are Genes
Each gene codes for developmennt of different characteristics
What does Mitosis do
Replace cells that has been damaged
What is first stage of cell cycle
Cell gows amount of subcellular structure.
DNA duplicates so theres a copy for each new cell.
What is second stage of cell cycle
Chromosomes line up at centre of cell and cell fibres pull them apart.
What is third stage of cell cycle
Membranes form around each sets of the chromosomes.
Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides
2 new identical daughter cells are produced
Describe how stem cells can be used to treat disorders
They could be grown into a particular type of cell which can then be used to replace faulty cells
Explain why embryonic stem cells have the potential to treat more disorders than adult stem cells
Embryonic stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of cell whereas adult stem cells can only develop into certain types of cells
Define diffusion
Spreading of particles from an area of high-low concentration through oartially permeable membrane
Define osmosis
Movement of water molecules from area of high-low concentration through partially permeable membrane
Define active transport
Movement of substances from an area of low-high concentration against the concentration gradient. It uses a lot of energy from mitochondria
Examples of Active transport
Root hair cells
Taking glucose from the Gut and Kidneys
How easy it is for an organism to exchange substances depends on an organisms…
Surface area : Volume
What 4 places does gas exchange occur
Alveoli
Villi
Leaves
Gills
What type of cells go through Binary Fission
Prokaryotic cells
What is the 4 stages of Binary Fission
- Circular strand of DNA and plasmids replicate
- Cell gets bigger and circular strand of DNA move to opposite poles
- Cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begins to form
- cytoplasm divides and 2 new daughter cells are produced
