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DAT Bio Ch 1 Molecules and Fundamentals of Biology > Topic 2 Cells: Organelles > Flashcards

Topic 2 Cells: Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Nucleus: bound by double layer nuclear envelope with nuclear pores for transport (mRNA, ribosome, subunits, dNTPs, RNA polymerase, and histones)
A

Nucleus

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2
Q
  • General packaging structure of DNA around proteins in eukaryotes
  • Tightness depends on cell stage
A

Chromatin

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3
Q
  • Tightly condensed chromatin when the cell is ready to divide
A

Chromosomes

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4
Q
  • Serve to organize DNA

- Coils around DNA into bundles called nucleosomes (wrapped around 8 histone proteins)

A

Histones

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5
Q
  • Inside of the nucleus
  • Serves as the site of ribosome synthesis which are synthesized using rRNA and ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm
  • Once ribosome subunits are formed, they are exported to the cytoplasm for final assembly to a ribosome
A

Nucleolus

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6
Q
  • Dense fibrillar network inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
  • Consists of intermediate filaments + membrane proteins
  • Provides mechanical support
  • Helps regulate DNA replication, cell division, and chromatin organization
A

Nuclear Lamina

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7
Q
  • Within prokaryotes

- Contains most of the cells genetic material

A

Nucleoid

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8
Q
  • This is an area, not a structure
  • Contains cytosol and organelles
  • Metabolic activity and transport occur here
  • Cytoplasmic streaming: streaming movement
A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q
  • Cytosol doesn’t include the components suspended within the gel-like substance, it is just the gel-like substance
  • Cytoplasm: jello + candy
  • Cytosl: just jello
A

Cytosol/Cytoplasmic Matrix

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10
Q
  • Organelles made of rRNA
  • Make proteins
  • Composed of two subunits:
    1. Eukaryotes: 60S + 40S = 80 S
    2. Prokaryotes: 50S + 30S = 70S
  • The subunits are produced inside the nucleolus and moved to cytoplasm where they create a single large ribosome
  • Larger S value means heavier molecule
A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

Rough ER and Smooth ER

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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12
Q
  • Studded with ribosomes, creates glycoproteins by attaching polysaccharides to polypeptides as they are assembled to ribosomes; in eukaryotes the rough ER is continuous with outer nuclear membrane
A

Rough ER

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13
Q
  • Without ribosomes, serves to synthesize lipids and steroid hormones for export
  • In liver cells, it functions to break down toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products from cellular reactions
  • Smooth and striated muscle have smooth ER’s called sarcoplasmic reticulum that store and release ions
A

Smooth ER

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14
Q
  • Vesicles produced by Golgi that contain digestive enzymes with low pH, function in apoptosis, and break down nutrients, bacteria, and cell debris
A

Lysosomes

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15
Q
  • Transport of various substances in vesicles
  • Plays an important role in modifying and packaging proteins
  • Contains flattened sacs called cisternae
  • Cis face: for incoming vesicles
  • Trans face: for secretory vesicles
A

Golgi

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16
Q
  • Common in liver and kidney
  • Breakdown substances, fatty acids, and amino acids
  • In plant cells, modify by-products of photorespiration
  • In germinating seeds: they are called glyoxysomes that break down stored fatty acids
  • Produce or break down H2O2: used to oxidize substrates
A

Peroxisomes

17
Q
  • Made of tubulin
  • Serve to provide support and motility for cellular activities
  • Act as spindle apparatus: guides chromosomes during division
  • Can be found in flagella and cilia
  • Found in a 9x2 array
A

Microtubules

18
Q
  • Provide support for maintaining cell shape
A

Intermediate Filaments

19
Q
  • Made of actin and involved in cell motility

- Found in skeletal muscle, amoeba, pseudopod, and cleavage furrows

A

Microfilament

20
Q
  • Include centrosomes and basal bodies
  • Found at the base of each flagellum and cilium and organize their development
  • Found in a 9x3 array
  • Plant cells lack centrioles and divide via cell plates, but they do have MTOCs
A

Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

21
Q
  • Moves materials between organelles and/or plasma membranes
A

Transport Vacuoles

22
Q
  • Receptacles of nutrients which merge with lysosomes to breakdown food
A

Food Vacuoles

23
Q
  • Exert turgor when filled to maintain rigidity, store nutrients, carry out functions performed by lysosomes in animal cells
  • Have a specialized membrane called tonoplast
A

Central Vacuoles

24
Q
  • Where plants store starch, pigments, and toxic substances
A

Storage Vacuoles

25
Q
  • In single-celled Protista (amoeba and paramecium)

- Collect and pump excess water out of the cell via active transport

A

Contractile Vacuoles

26
Q
  • Provide support in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria
A

Cell Walls

27
Q
  • In animals between adjacent cells
  • Occupied by fibrous structural proteins, adhesion proteins, and polysaccharides secreted by cells
  • Provide mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells
  • Collagen is most common protein to bind adjacent cells
  • Network of collagen and proteoglycans connected to integrins in membrane via fibronectin and laminin
  • Functions in transmitting signals between inside and outside of cell
  • Cells adhere to EMC in two ways:
    1. Focal adhesions: EMC connected to actin filaments in cell
    2. Hemidesmosomes: EMC connected intermediate filaments
  • Fibroblasts: cells that produce collagen and connective tissue elements
A

Extracellular Matrix

28
Q
  • In plant cells and include chloroplasts (photosynthesis site), leucoplasts (storage of starch), lipids (as elaioplasts), and proteins (as proteinoplasts), and chromoplasts: store carotenoids
A

Plastids

29
Q
  • Double layered organelles that make ATP
  • Serve as site of fatty acid catabolism/Beta-oxidation
  • Have own DNA and ribosomes
A

Mitochondria

30
Q
  • Microtubules (flagella and cilia), microfilaments, intermediate filaments, aids in cell division, cell crawling, and movement of cytoplasm and organelles
  • Note on plant cells and water:
    1. Hypotonic solution: Vacuole swells and becomes turgid. Fungal cells remain turgid due to wall, but animal cells burst
    2. Isotonic solution: plant cell is flaccid
    3. Hypertonic solution: cell is plasmolyzed (cytoplasm pulled away from cell wall)
A

Cytoskeleton

31
Q
  • Network of organelles and structures, directly or indirectly connected, that function in transport of proteins and other macromolecules in or out
  • Includes plasma membrane, ER, Golgi, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, endosomes
A

Endomembrane System

DAT Bio Ch 1 Molecules and Fundamentals of Biology (34 decks)

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