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Biology > Topic 2- Cells And Control > Flashcards

Topic 2- Cells And Control Flashcards

1
Q

Ordered phases of human growth

A
  1. Infancy
  2. Childhood
  3. Adolescence
  4. Maturity
  5. Old age
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2
Q

Mitosis is…

A

The process of cells dividing to produce two genetically identical daughter cells to the parent.

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3
Q

Interphase is…

A

Where DNA and other sub cellular structures are replicated

Chromosomes are copied

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4
Q

The two biological processes that take place in interphase are…

A

Protein-synthesis and respiration

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5
Q

Prophase is…

A

The stage which the nuclei start to break down and spindle fibres appear

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6
Q

Metaphase is…

A

The chromosomes lining up across the middle of the cell

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7
Q

Anaphase is…

A

The chromosomes are separated and pulled apart from each other by spindle fibres

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8
Q

Telophase is…

A

Chromosomes reach the opposite sides of the cell and the nucleus membrane reforms

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9
Q

Cytokinesis is…

A

The cytoplasm of the cell is separated as the cell membrane is pinched to divide the cell into two two genetically identical daughter cells

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10
Q

Spindle fibres are…

A

A filament formed in a cell during mitosis which helps to spectate chromosomes

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11
Q

Advantages to percentile curves

A

Easy to understand how growth is going
The data is in order
You know what values are greater and less than the babies growth

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12
Q

Disadvantages of percentile curves

A

The averages can be misleading
Difficult to see weakly development
If there were any problems you would only notice after a month

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13
Q

Raise of concern for health professions when looking at percentile curves

A

Data greater than 99.6th percentile curve
Data less than 0.4th percentile curve
Data that doesn’t follow a percentile curve

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14
Q

Cell differentiation is…

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for it’s job to work more effectively for a specific function

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15
Q

How the fat cell is specialised

A

Large surface area

Small nucleus for more fat to be stored in the cytoplasm of the fat cell

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16
Q

Function of the fat cell

A

The fat is stored until the body needs energy

Acts as a reserve

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17
Q

How is the red blood cell specialised

A

No nucleus and biconcave shape to increase surface area
Large surface area for more oxygen to be transported and faster gaseous exchange
More space for haemoglobin (pigment which combines with oxygen)

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18
Q

The function of the red blood cell

A

To transport oxygen through the blood

To allow more oxygen to be transported

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19
Q

Cells that are differentiated are…

A

Highly adapted to their function

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20
Q

Cell division is…

A

The process of mitosis which means it grows, repairs and reproduce cells.
To produce two genetically identical daughter cells

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21
Q

Three stages of growth in a plant in order

A

Firstly…Cell division
Secondly…Cell elongation
Thirdly…Cell differentiation

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22
Q

How plants grow

A

Cells found in an area called the meristems (in shoots and roots) go through cell division- mitosis which produces more genetically identical cells in a rapid way
The cells then increase in length this is called elongation
Cells can then differentiate into specialised cells

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23
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Inner cell layers of a blastocyst
Pluripotent cells… can differentiate into many cells
Can differentiate into nearly all cell types the new baby will need
Eg. Blood, nerve and bone cells ect.

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24
Q

Animal adult stem cells

A

Found in the bone marrow, adipose tissue and blood
Multipotent cell… can differentiate into a few cells
Maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
Differentiate into similar cells from the tissue the adult stem cells cake from

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25
Q

Plant stem cells

A

Found in the meristem
Totipotent cells… can differentiate into all cells
Can differentiate into any new specialised cells
Maintain the stem cell number by self-renewing

26
Q

Benefits of stem cell use in medicine

A

Can be successfully transplanted into recipients
Can be reprogrammed to differentiate into a different cell which is transplanted into recipient to treat damaged or diseased tissue
Tested on for new drugs before tried on people
Can be studied to show how some cells become damaged eg. Parkinson’s (to help find a treatment)
Used to replace damaged or diseased cells
Stem cells from a persons body will not be rejected because they are recognised as ‘self’

27
Q

Risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

Reprogrammed stem cells may not carry out the correct function, may continue to divide uncontrollably and become cancerous cells that form tumours
Stem cells from another person may be rejected by the patients immune system

28
Q

A neutron is…

A

A structure which contains a nerve cell body and other sub-cellular structures to carry an impulse

29
Q

CNS is…

A

Central Nervous System

30
Q

PNS is…

A

Peripheral Nervous System

31
Q

A stimulus is…

A

A type of energy detected by a receptor

32
Q

List the five receptor organs

A

Tongue, ears, eyes, skin and nose

33
Q

Order of neurones

A

Sensory neurone- linking the receptor to the co-ordinator
Relay neurone- within the co-ordinator/ CNS/ brain or spinal cord
Motor neurone- linking the co-ordinator to the effector

34
Q

Examples of an effector

A

Muscle or gland

35
Q

Reflex arc…

A

1.Stimulus
2. Receptor
…(sensory neurone)…
3. Co-ordinator …(relay neurone)…
…(motor neurone)…
4. Effector
5. Response

36
Q

When an impulse reaches a synapse…

A

The chemicals (neurotransmitters) diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptors on the next neurone, triggering another impulse

37
Q

Myelin…

A

Makes the impulse through a neurone travel faster

38
Q

Iris

A

Controls the amount of light entering the eye

39
Q

Pupil

A

A hole in the front of the eye for light to pass through

40
Q

Cornea

A

Refracts light entering the eye

41
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light on the retina

42
Q

Retina

A

Detects light

43
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries nerve impulses to the brain

44
Q

Sclera

A

Protective white leathery outer layer which provides attachment points for ocular muscles and maintains the shape of the eye

45
Q

Rods are…

A

More sensitive in dim light

Can’t see colour

46
Q

Cones are…

A

Sensitive in millions of different colours

Not very good in dim light

47
Q

Describe colour blindness

A

Eye can’t distinguish between two colours

Most common is red-green colours this will be because red or green comes are damaged

48
Q

Explain how colour blindness is corrected

A

Because cones are damaged and the come cells can’t be replaced therefore meaning there isn’t a cure yet
Scientists are developing and improving ways like injections, lens and glasses

49
Q

Describe cataracts

A

Cloudy patch in the eye which stops light being able to enter
Therefore blurring the vision , less vivid vision and a struggle to see to see bright

50
Q

Explain how cataracts are corrected

A

Because of the faulty lens not working, it will be replaced with an artificial lens

51
Q

Describe long sightedness

A

Eye ball is too short
Doesn’t refract light enough
Not able to focus near objects
Can focus on distant objects

52
Q

Explain how long sightedness is corrected

A

Because the image is focused behind the retina a convex lens is needed

53
Q

Describe short sightedness

A

Eye ball is too long
Refracts light too much
Can focus near objects
Can’t focus distant objects

54
Q

Explain how short sightedness can be corrected

A

Because the image is focused in front of the retina, a concave lens is needed

55
Q

Near objects cause…

A

Ciliary muscles to contract
Suspensory ligaments to slacken
Appearance of lens to be thicker and more rounded

56
Q

Distant objects cause…

A

Ciliary muscles to relax
Suspensory ligaments to tighten
Appearance of lens to be thinner and less rounded

57
Q

Describe the function and structure of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Split into two hemispheres
Left side of the the brain will control the right side of your body and vice verse
The cerebrum controls memory, speech, senses, language and vision

58
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cerebellum

A

Two folded and grooved halves
Controls co-ordination for movements, posture and co-ordination for muscles.
Means little brain because it looks like a small brain

59
Q

Describe the structure and function of the medulla oblongata

A

Found at lowest part of brain stem next to the spinal cord
Controls unconscious activities like heart rate, blood vessel control, blood pressure and breathing
Reflexes that are not thought about

60
Q

CT scans

A

Used for head injuries, severe headaches, dizziness, strokes, brain tumours and bleeding.
Special x-ray equipment to show series of slices of images
Will show up the main structures of the brain not the function
Can detect tumours

61
Q

PET Scans

A

Used for diseased or injured brain
Uses a tracer, radioactive glucose which will decay quickly, works by how active a cell is because the more active a cell the more glucose will be taken in
Show how the brain works and tissue in the brain
Shows unusually inactive areas which can find out any problems
Eg. Alzheimer’s disease

Biology (4 decks)

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