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Biology > Topic 1- Key Concepts > Flashcards

Topic 1- Key Concepts Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A eukaryotic cell is…

A

A cell with a nucleus

Eg.animal and plant cells

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2
Q

A prokaryotic cell is…

A

A cell with no nucleus

Eg. Bacteria cell

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3
Q

Animal cell structures

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes

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4
Q

Plant cell structures

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuole and ribosomes

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5
Q

Bacteria cell structure

A

Chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes and flagella

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the activity of the cell and controls DNA

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A gel like substance where most chemical reactions occur

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

The site of protein-synthesis

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place.

Respiration releases energy that allows the cell to work.

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10
Q

Cell membrane

A

A barrier around the cell which holds the cell together and controls what chemicals enter and exit the cell

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11
Q

Cell wall

A

Supports and strengthens the cell

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12
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap which keeps the gives the cell support and keeps the cell firm

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13
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis which makes the plant food

Contains a pigment called chlorophyll which makes the plant green

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14
Q

Plasmid DNA

A

Contains genes for things like drug resistance

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15
Q

Flagellum

A

Moves the cell away from toxic substances and towards oxygen

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16
Q

Chromosomal DNA

A

Controls cells activity and replication

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17
Q

Sperm cell adaptations

A

Acrosomes…contains enzymes which digest the egg cell membrane
Nucleus…only contains 23 chromosomes (haploid)
Lots of mitochondria…provide energy in ATP form from aerobic respiration for the sperm to swim
Tail…to swim to the egg cell

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18
Q

Egg cell adaptations

A

Nucleus…only contains 23 chromosomes (haploid)
Nutrients in the cytoplasm…provides energy for the egg to grow and divide when fertilised
Cell membrane…changes when the first sperm enters the egg to prevent other sperm cells entering

19
Q

Ciliates Epithelial cell adaptations

A

Cilia…hair like structures which move substances in the body, they. Are covered in cell membrane and contain strands of a substance that can contract and cause waves of movements
Eg. Lungs- move and waft mucus
Eg. Fallopian tubes (oviducts)- waft egg cells towards the uterus

20
Q

Coarse focus

A

Moves the stage or to aid focussing

21
Q

Fine focus

A

Moves the stage (small amounts) to aid focussing

Further down the microscope

22
Q

Mirror

A

Reflects light from the light source up through the stage

23
Q

Objective lens

A

Magnifies the specimen (makes the specimen appear larger)

24
Q

Stage

A

Supports and positions the slide for focusing

25
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

26
Q

Another magnification equation

A

Magnification = length of scale bar / length the bar represents

27
Q

Magnification calculations

A 
1m/1000 = 1 millimetre 
1mm/1000 = 1 micrometer     CELLS 
1ym/1000 = 1 nanometer (the micrometer symbol isn’t right) PARTS OF CELLS 
1nm/1000 = 1 picometer
28
Q

Magnification is…

Resolution is…

A

The degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object itself, expressed as X1000 etc.

The ability to see (two) objects (that are close together) as separate objects and see detail

29
Q

Where do enzymes act in the digestive system

A

Mouth, stomach and small intestines

30
Q

Why do only protease enzymes work in the stomach

A

Protease enzymes can tolerate a lower pH. The stomach has hydrochloric acid (to kill pathogens)

31
Q

Why enzymes are needed for digestion

A

Enzymes break down larger food molecules (eg.lipids) into small molecules (eg.fatty acids and glycerol)

32
Q

LOOK AT TESTING FOR BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

A

Pg.19 IN REVISION GUIDE AND LOOK IN SCHOOLBOOK FOR TABLE TO HELP

33
Q

Describe…

Increasing temperature effects on enzymes

A

As temperature increases the rate of reaction increases (include date temperatures if included)
The rate is optimum at …
Above the optimum temperature the rate of reaction decreases

34
Q

Explain …

Increasing temperature effecting enzyme

A

This is because as the temperature increases enzymes and substrate molecules gain kinetic energy and successfully collide more frequently… this resulting in more enzyme substrate complex being formed and more products being made
After optimum temperature rate of reaction decreases because the increased temperature denatures the enzyme which means…
The active site has changed shape this means that no ESCs will form and no product will be made

35
Q

Describe

Increasing pH effects enzyme

A

As pH increases the enzyme activity increases
The enzyme activity is optimum at
Above the optimum temperature the enzyme activity decreases

36
Q

Explain …

Increasing pH effects enzyme

A

This is because as Ph increases fewer active sites are denatured, more ESCs from and more product is made
After optimum temperature the increasing pH causes the enzyme’s active site to denature and therefore fewer ESCs form and less product is made

37
Q

Describe

Increasing substrate concentration effect on enzymes

A

As the pH substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction increases until an optimum substrate concentration of…
Above this optimum substrate concentration the rate of reaction stays the same/ does not change at the value of…

38
Q

Explain…

Increasing substrate concentration effect on enzymes

A

This is because as the substrate concentration increases, more successful collisions occur between enzyme and substrate molecules which means more ESCs are formed and more product is made
At the point of saturation the rate of reaction is at a maximum because all the active sites are being used

39
Q

Active transport is…

A

Substances move from a dilute to more concentrated solution (from low to high concentration)

Requires energy made from respiration in the mitochondria
Eg. Minerals taken into root hair cells from the soil

40
Q

Diffusion is…

A 
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Doesn’t require energy 
Molecules move in random directions 
Happens in gases and liquids 
Osmosis is diffusion in water
41
Q

Osmosis is…

A

The random movement of water molecules from an area high water potential to an area of low water potential through a partially permeable membrane

42
Q

Osmosis in potatoes

A

Roughy, as the concentration of salt solution increases the change in mass also increased

43
Q

Hypotonic is….
Isotonic is…
Hypertonic is…

A

…water solution-gain
…same water potential
…salt solution-loss

Biology (4 decks)

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