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Biology A level > Topic 2 - cell structure > Flashcards

Topic 2 - cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 different types of microscopy

A

Light microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope

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2
Q

What mediums do each microscopes use

A

Light microscope - light beam
Scanning electron microscope - electron beam
Transmission electron microscope - electron beam

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3
Q

What dimensions do each microscopes use

A

Light microscope - 2D
Scanning electron microscope - 3D
Transmission electron microscope-2D

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4
Q

What is the max magnification of each microscope

A

Light microscope - x1,500
Scanning electron microscope - x200,000
Transmission electron microscope - x2,000,000

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5
Q

What is the max resolution of each microscope

A

Light microscope - 200nm
Scanning electron microscope - 20nm
Transmission electron microscope - 0.1nm

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6
Q

What is magnification and state its equation

A

Magnification is how much bigger the image is compared to the original object viewed with the naked eye

Magnification = (size of image)/(size of object)

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7
Q

What is resolution

A

Resolution is how well a microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together.

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8
Q

To prepare slides for light microscopy, the specimen must be: (4 marks)

A
  • Dehydrated
  • Embedded in wax and sectioned
  • Stained
  • Mounted
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9
Q

Why is staining used when preparing light microscope

A

Staining is used to increase contrast in a specimen, in order to observe transparent and colourless structures.

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10
Q

How does staining work when preparing microscope slides

A

Stains work by binding to different types of molecules or cell structures. This allows different components of cells to be identified, and is known as differential staining

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11
Q

What are eukaryotic cells and 3 examples of eukaryotic groups

A

Eukaryotic cells are those cells that contain a nucleus and organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane (membrane bound organelles)

Includes animals, plants and fungal cells

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12
Q

Function of cell surface membrane

A
  • Controls passage of entry of substance into the cell
  • Site of cell communication via receptors
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13
Q

Function of the nucleus

A
  • Stores DNA
  • Nuclear pores allow mRNA & ribosomes to pass through
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14
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A
  • carry out aerobic respiration to produce ATP
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15
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes to break down pathogens, old organelles, cells & food molecules

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16
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • provide a large surface area for protein synthesis
18
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A
  • Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
19
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies proteins
  • sort, package and transport molecules around the cell
20
Q

Function of chloroplasts and the organisms in which they are present

A
  • site of photosynthesis

present in plants and algae

21
Q

Function of the cell vacuole and the organisms in which they are present

A
  • Maintains cell structure
  • Acts as a temporary energy store

Present in plants

22
Q

Function of the cell wall and the organisms in which it is present

A
  • Provides supports and mechanical strength

Present in plants (cellulose) and algae (cellulose) and fungi (chitin) prokaryotes (murein)

23
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton found

A

in the cytoplasm

24
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of

A

a complex network of proteins

25
Q

(1) are composed of repeating (2) subunits. Important to (3…)
CYTOSKELETON

A

1 - Microfilaments
2 - actin
3 - maintain cell shape and give mechanical strength

26
Q

(1) are composed of repeating (2) subunits. Involved in (3…)
CYTOSKELETON

A

1 - Microtubules
2 - tubulin
3 - organelle and substance movement

27
Q

(1) fibres are made of (2) fibres. Helps (3…)
CYTOSKELETON

A

1 - Intermediate
2 - interlocking protein
3 - anchor the nucleus in the cytoplasm and stabilising tissues

28
Q

In complex multicellular organisms, eukaryotic cells become (1) for specific functions.

A

1 - specialised

29
Q

What are specialised cells organised into and continue this chain until organ systems

A

Specialised cells are organised into tissues, tissues into organs and organs into systems.

30
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles (so no mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus etc). Their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm. Their DNA consists of a single circular chromosome whereas DNA in eukaryotes is linear and wrapped around chromosomes.

31
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Presence of a nucleus

A

Eukaryotic - present
Prokaryotic - absent

32
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
DNA

A

Eukaryotic - linear and packaged into chromosomes in the nucleus
Prokaryotic - circular and freely floating in cytoplasm

33
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Presence of cell membrane

A

Eukaryotic - Present
Prokaryotic - Present

34
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Presence of membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic - Present
Prokaryotic - Absence

35
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Presence of ribosomes and size

A

Eukaryotic - Present (80S)
Prokaryotic - Present (70S)

36
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Presence of cell wall and make up

A

Eukaryotic - sometimes (cellulose or chitin)
Prokaryotic - present (peptidoglycan)

37
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Presence of chloroplasts

A

Eukaryotic - Sometimes
Prokaryotic - Absent

38
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Presence of flagellum

A

Eukaryotic - Absent
Prokaryotic - Sometimes

39
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Presence of capsule

A

Eukaryotic - Absent
Prokaryotic - Sometimes

40
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Presence of plasmid

A

Eukaryotic - Absent
Prokaryotic - Sometimes (Bacteria)

Biology A level (32 decks)

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