4.2.2 - Classification and Evolution

Question 1

5 kingdoms

Answer 1

Animalia 
Plant 
Fungi 
Protoctist
Prokaryotae

Question 2

Animal kingdom

Answer 2

Eukaryotic, multicellular
Heterotrophs
Fertilised eggs develop into a blastula

Question 3

Fungi kingdom

Answer 3

Eukaryotic, uni/multicellular 
Multinucleate 
No chloroplasts/chlorophyll
Strands of hyphae make up mycelium 
Often saprophytic

Question 4

Protoctist kingdom

Answer 4

Eukaryotic, mostly single celled
Plant like and animal like, rejects of all other kingdoms
Variety of feeding mechanisms

Question 5

How do prokaryotes respire

Answer 5

Using mesosomes

Question 6

Heterotrophs

Answer 6

Nutrition is gained from the digestion of organic matter

Question 7

Saprophytic

Answer 7

Feed on dead/ decaying matter

Question 8

Classification

Answer 8

Grouping organisms on the basis of shared features

Modern classification reflects phylogeny

Question 9

Taxonomy

Answer 9

Focuses physical similarities between diff. spp for ease of naming and identification

Question 10

Phylogeny

Answer 10

Classification of organisms by evolutionary relationships so every group shares a common ancestor

Question 11

Linnaean taxonomy

Answer 11

Carl Linnaeus formed a system that is the basis of our naming system

Question 12

Taxons

Answer 12

Domain  - Eukarya 
Kingdom - Animalia 
Phylum - Chordata 
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates 
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo 
Species - Homosapiens

Question 13

Carl Woese

Answer 13

Split Monera (prokaryotes) into Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
Refined system to create 3 domains; Eukarya, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Question 14

What do taxonomists do

Answer 14

Try to identify evolutionary relationships among organisms
Compare structures of organisms
Compare organisms geographic distribution and chemical makeup

Question 15

Rule of parsimony

Answer 15

This assumes that the tree with the least number of evolutionary events is most likely to show the correct evolutionary relationship

Question 16

Shared characteristics vs. shared derived characteristics

Answer 16

Shared characteristics look at convergent evolution but shared derived characteristics focus on features that are a result of shared ancestors (homologies)

Question 17

Discontinuous variation is shown by

Answer 17

Qualitative traits determined by a single gene

Question 18

Continuous variation is determined by

Answer 18

Large number of genes and have quantitative traits e.g. mass and length

Question 19

Sources of genetic variation

Answer 19

Dominant alleles 
Recessive alleles 
Mutations 
Crossing over 
Independent assortment
Gene interactions

Question 20

Adaptive features

Answer 20

Inheritable traits that suit an organism to its niche

Question 21

Acclimitisation

Answer 21

The ability to adapt during its lifecycle

Question 22

Types of adaptations

Answer 22

Structural
Physiological
Behavioural

Question 23

Darwin’s theory

Answer 23

Parents produce too many offspring
Competition causes better adapted offspring to survive
They will then reproduce and pass on those attractive features

Question 24

Evidence for evolution

Answer 24

Fossil evidence

Molecular evidence

Question 25

Forms of fossils

Answer 25

Imprints of ancient organisms | Remains

Question 26

Fossil evidence

Answer 26

Scientists study fossils in minute detail in order to establish anatomical and morphological similarities which can then be used to reveal evolutionary relationships

Question 27

Molecular evidence

Answer 27

More reliable than fossils All living things have proteins and DNA. Sequencing the bases in DNA and amino acids in proteins show similarities and differences. More similarities, more closely related

Question 28

Variation

Answer 28

Differences that arise between living organisms

Question 29

Types of variation

Answer 29

Intraspecifc and interspecific | Continuous and discontinuous

Question 30

Intraspecific variation

Answer 30

Variation between members of the same species, this causes evolution

Question 31

Examples of differences caused by intraspecific variation

Answer 31

``` Observable features (colour) Biochemical differences (sequences of amino acids) Behavioural differences (type of food eaten) ```

Question 32

Interspecific variation

Answer 32

Occurs between members of different species | Depends on how closely related one species is to the other

Question 33

Anatomical adaptations

Answer 33

Those associated with structure e.g. predators have sharp teeth to help kill and chew prey

Question 34

Physiological adaptations

Answer 34

Those associated with how the body systems functions e.g. yeast respire anaerobically when theres no O2 so they can produce ATP and continue growth

Question 35

Behavioural adaptations

Answer 35

Those associated with feeding, nesting or mating e.g. robins choose nests close to the ground as to not compete with other bird species

Question 36

Implications of evolution for humans

Answer 36

Pesticide resistance in insects | Drug resistance in micro-organisms

Question 37

Why are estimated of total no. of species inaccurate

Answer 37

Species become extinct daily Undiscovered species Some species may be reclassified

Question 38

Evidence used by taxonomists when classifying organisms

Answer 38

Behaviours Fossil record Embryology

Question 39

Why can info gained from studying model organisms be applied to humans

Answer 39

Similar metabolism Similar genes Shared ancestry

Question 40

Factors considered when choosing a model organism

Answer 40

Small Short life cycle Cheap to buy and keep

Question 41

How does resistance arise and evolve in a population

Answer 41

SPONTANEOUS mutation in gene sequence e.g. base sub Leads to resistance to the selective agent beneficial mutation so directional selection Through natural selection, those better adapted against the selective agent survive, reproduce and pass on that mutation Increases frequency of allele in population

Question 42

Use of fossils to estimate age

Answer 42

Deeper fossils are older than surface fossils

Question 43

Why do scientists classify organisms

Answer 43

To identify species To predict characteristics To find evolutionary links

Question 44

Plant kingdom

Answer 44

Multicellular Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles Autotrophs and store food as starch

Question 45

Why have classification systems changed over time

Answer 45

Advances in science e.g, genome sequencing

Question 46

Archaebacteria

Answer 46

Ancient bacteria - extremophiles

Question 47

Advantages of phylogenetic classification

Answer 47

Phylogeny can be done w/out reference to Linnaean classification Produces a continuous tress vs discrete taxonomical groups

Question 48

Students t-test

Answer 48

Used to compare means of data values of 2 population

Question 49

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient

Answer 49

Used to consider relationship between two sets of continuous data

Question 50

Analogous structure

Answer 50

Structures adapted to perform the same function but have a diff genetic origin

Question 51

Convergent evolution

Answer 51

May have adapted to fill sim niches in diff environments but not related evolutionary