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Biology A level > Topic 2 - cell division, cell diversity and cell organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - cell division, cell diversity and cell organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Within multicellular organisms, not all cells retain the ability to (1)

A

1 - divide

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2
Q

What does mitosis produce

A

Genetically identical daughter cells

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3
Q

What is mitosis useful for

A

Growth, repair and asexual reproduction

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4
Q

How many main stages does the eukaryotic cell cycle have

A

3

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5
Q

What are the main stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle

A

Interphase consists of two growth phases (G1& G2) and a DNA synthesis stage (S). The cell may exit the cell cycle at G0

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6
Q

What is mitosis

A

Mitosis is the nuclear division

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7
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis is when the cell splits in two, forming two identical daughter cells.

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8
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in animal cells

A

In animal cells, the plasma membrane folds inwards until the two dents meet to separate the two daughter cells

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9
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells

A

In plant cells, cellulose starts to build up at the equator (the end plate). Plasma membrane forms in the middle of the end plate resulting in two fully separated plant cells

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10
Q

Give the description of prophase

A

DNA condenses & coils, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles

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11
Q

Give the description of Metaphase

A

Spindle fibres attach to centromeres & chromosomes line at the equator

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12
Q

Give the description of Anaphase

A

Centromeres divides, chromatids move to opposite poles

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13
Q

Give the description of Telophase

A

​Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope reforms

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14
Q

What is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints

A

Cell cycle checkpoints ensure the cell only divide at the appropriate time when ready and helps detect DNA damage.

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15
Q

Give the checkpoint location and function of Restriction Point / G1/S Checkpoint

A

Between G1 and S

Decides whether cell proceeds to S-phase

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16
Q

Give the checkpoint location and function of G1 Checkpoint

A

End of G1

Checks cell is ready for S-phase

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17
Q

Give the checkpoint location and function of G2/M Checkpoint

A

Between G2 and mitosis

Checks and repairs all of the DNA before the cell enters mitosis

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18
Q

Give the checkpoint location and function of Mitosis checkpoint

A

In the middle of mitosis

Checks cell is ready to proceed in mitosis. Ensures that the cell doesn’t proceed to the next stage before it’s ready

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19
Q

List the 4 cell cycle checkpoints

A

Restriction point (G1/S checkpoint)
G1 checkpoint
G2/M checkpoint
Mitosis checkpoint

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20
Q

What is produced from meiosis

A

Meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells (gametes) that are genetically different from each other.

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21
Q

Comment on the name of the genetic information in the cell in Meiosis 1 vs Meiosis 2

A

1 - homologous chromosomes
2 - sister chromatids

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22
Q

What happens in Meiosis 1 vs Meiosis 2

A

In meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes are separated from each other, with one chromosome from each pair going into one of the two daughter cells. In the second meiotic division, the sister chromatids from each chromosome are separated

23
Q

Description of Prophase 1

A

Chromatin condenses & coils, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles. Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes

24
Q

Description of Metaphase 1

A

Spindle fibres attach to centromeres & chromosomes line at the equator

25
Q

Description of Anaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles

26
Q

Description of Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

​Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope reforms. Animal cells divide by cytokinesis

27
Q

Description of Prophase 2

A

Chromatin condenses & coils, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles.

28
Q

Description of Metaphase 2

A

​Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres & chromosomes lines up at the equator

29
Q

Description of Anaphase 2

A

The centromeres divide and the chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

30
Q

Description of Telophase 2 and cytokinesis

A

​Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope reforms. Cells divide to form 4 haploid cells.

31
Q

How does variation occur in meiosis

A

Variation results from independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over during meiosis 1. Also, random fertilisation of the gametes.

32
Q

what are stem cells

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are able to express all of their genes

33
Q

By which process do stem cells divide

A

Mitosis

34
Q

Which process do stem cells undergo by which they become specialised for different functions

A

Cell differentiation

35
Q

What process an fully developed stem cells not undergo

A

Mitosis

36
Q

Comment on the potent capacity of totipotent stem cells

A

Can divide and differentiate into any type of cell.

37
Q

Comment on the potent capacity of pluripotent stem cells

A

Can self-renew and differentiate into any type of cell except the cells that make up the placenta.

38
Q

Comment on the potent capacity of multipotent stem cells

A

Can only differentiate and divide into a limited number of cell types

39
Q

Comment on the potent capacity of unipotent stem cells

A

​Can only differentiate into a single type of cell e.g. cardiomyoblasts can only differentiate into cardiomyocytes.

39
Q

Comment on the potent capacity of unipotent stem cells

A

​Can only differentiate into a single type of cell e.g. cardiomyoblasts can only differentiate into cardiomyocytes.

40
Q

Comment on the presence of totipotent stem cell in mammals and its differentiation

A

Totipotent stem cells are only present in mammals in the first few cell divisions of an embryo. During development, totipotent cells become specialised by expressing different genes and producing different proteins.

41
Q

What are induced pluripotent stem cells

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells are unipotent stem cells that have been reprogrammed to become pluripotent by using protein transcription factors to express genes associated with pluripotency.

42
Q

What are some of the uses of pluripotent stem cells

A

Pluripotent stem cells can be used to replace cells and treat human disorders like leukaemia and diabetes

43
Q

What type of cells can bone marrow stem cells differentiate into

A

Bone marrow stem cells can differentiate into any type of blood cell

44
Q

What is the role of meristem cells in plants

A

Meristem cells in plants are involved in the production of new xylem and phloem tissue

45
Q

Comment on adaptations of erythrocytes

A

Erythrocytes have a large SA:V, with their biconcave shape. They lack a nucleus, so more haemoglobin can be stored

46
Q

Comment on adaptations of neutrophils

A

Neutrophils have a multilobed nucleus allowing them to move and engulf material more easily

47
Q

Comment on adaptations of sperm cells

A

Sperm cells have a tail to allow movement. There is a high density of mitochondria to provide ATP to the tail. Sperm cells have a streamline shape and a specialised lysosome (acrosome) that contains digestive enzymes to enter an egg cell

48
Q

Comment on adaptations of squamous epithelial cells

A

Squamous epithelial cells are thin and flat to reduce the diffusion distance for gas exchange.

49
Q

Comment on adaptations of ciliated epithelial cells

A

Ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea have cilia to move mucus along the trachea

50
Q

Comment on adaptations of palisade cells

A

Palisade cells contain lots of chloroplasts, are long and cylindrical allowing close packing. The chloroplast can be moved by the cytoskeleton to maximise light absorption

51
Q

Comment on adaptations of guard cells

A

Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata. ATP is used to pump K^+ ions into the cell, making water move in by osmosis in order to open the stomata for gas exchange

52
Q

Comment on adaptations of root hair cells

A

Root hair cells have protrusion to increase their surface area for water absorption. They also have protein pumps and lots of mitochondria to transport minerals into the cell in order to lower the cells water potential.

Biology A level (32 decks)

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