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IB ESS > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Organism

A

Single individual

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2
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms capable of exchanging genes

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3
Q

Population

A

A group of the same species, in the same place, at the same time, that can interbreed

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4
Q

Community

A

A group of several different species who live in the same place at the same time

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5
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The entire range of conditions in which a species could live

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6
Q

Realized niche

A

The actual conditions under which a species lives (usually due to competition)

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7
Q

Limiting factors

A

Sunlight, precipitation/water availability, salinity, soil nutrients, food

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8
Q

Producers

A

Make their own food using co2 & sunlight

Trophic level 1

Autotrophs

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9
Q

Consumers

A

Heterotrophs

Feed on other organisms to obtain energy

2nd trophic level

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10
Q

Green plants PP

A

1st level

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11
Q

Herbivores (PC)

A

2nd level

Function: to keep each other in check thru negative feedback and disperse seeds

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12
Q

Carnivores and omnivores

A

Secondary consumer or tertiary consumer.

3rd or 4th level

Function: to pollinate flowers and remove diseased animals from populations

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13
Q

What do pyramids of numbers show

A

The # of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain at a time

Pro: simple, good for comparing change

Con: organisms included regardless of size, numbers can be too great to express accuracy

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14
Q

Period of biomass

A

Mass of each individual at each trophic level

Pro: better than pyramid of numbers

Con: only uses samples, organisms must be killed for measurement, organisms w same biomass might have different energy content

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15
Q

What do pyramids of productivity show

A

The rate of the flow of energy or mass thru each trophic level

Pro: must accurate, good for comparison

Con: hard to collect data, hard to assign omnivores to trophic levels

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16
Q

Where does the majority of energy on earth come from?

A

Solar radiation

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17
Q

Where does the energy go

A

35% reflected back to space

Absorbed by plants and soil -> heats up water and soil

Only 1-4% is available for plants photosynthesis

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18
Q

Energy ___, matter ____

A

Energy flows, matter cycles

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19
Q

Primary productivity

A

Conversion of light energy to chemical energy within plant cells

20
Q

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

Measuring a plants energy uptake by amount of sugar produced

21
Q

Net primary productivity (NPP)

A

The rate at which plants accumulate dry mass

Difference between rate of photosynthesis and rate of respiration

NPP=GPP-R

22
Q

Secondary productivity

A

Energy that is transferred from plants to consumers

23
Q

Assimilated food energy

A

Absorbed by animals and used to power life processes

24
Q

Gross secondary productivity (GSP)

A

Total energy assimilated (taken up) by consumers.

GSP= food eaten-fecal loss

25
Q

Net secondary productivity (NSP)

A

Total gain in energy or biomass

NSP= GSP-P

26
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Enters atmosphere from breathing (respiration) or combustion (burning)

Absorbed by producers to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis, then put off as oxygen

Animals eat the plants. Passes carbon compounds. Respiration.

Plants and animals die.

Dead organisms eaten by decomposers. Carbon in their bodies returns to atmosphere as co2

Fossil fuels go to atmosphere

27
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Fixation (bacteria change nitrogen)

Nitrification (bacteria changes it back to nitrates)

Assimilation (plants get nitrates from the soil)

Ammonification (decay, decomposers change nitrates back into ammonium to repeat cycle)

Dentrification (extra o2 in soil goes back to air)

28
Q

Tundra

A

Treeless, cold climate, short growing season. Small inputs of precipitation

29
Q

Desert

A

Almost no plant productivity, dry, low precipitation

30
Q

Rainforest

A

Warm temp all year, very wet and humid, greatest amount of species, high diversity, high productivity

31
Q

Boreal forest

A

Warm, rainy summers, very cold winters w heavy snow

32
Q

Deciduous forest

A

Warm summers, cold winters, decent amount of rain

33
Q

Climate change effect on biomes

A

Increase in temps -> kills animals, biome will no longer exist once thrown into positive feedback loop

Spread of malaria

Desertification

Melting ice caps

34
Q

K strategists

A

Humans/mammals, smaller amount of babies that live longer and take longer to grow, bigger

35
Q

R strategists

A

Insects, etc. lots of babies, short life span, grow quickly, smaller

36
Q

Zonation

A

How am ecosystem changes along an environment gradient

37
Q

Succession

A

How an ecosystem changes over time

38
Q

Factors that a species can only live in a certain boundary with

A

Temperate

Precipitation

Solar insolation

Soil type

Species interactions (competition)

39
Q

Primary succession

A

Occurs on bare and inorganic surfaces. Colonization of new land by organisms. No current soil

Natural increase in complexity and species composition

40
Q

Stages of PS

A

Bare inorganic surface

Colonization w pioneer species

Establishment (higher species diversity, organic content and water holding capacity of soil increases)

Competition
Less extreme climate, pioneer species can’t compete and die off

Stabilization
Steady state equilibrium, maximum level of developement

41
Q

Secondary succession

A

After an already established community is destroyed

42
Q

Changes that happen during succession

A

Size of organism increases
More complex energy flow
Soil depth, holding capacity, mineral content, and cycling increase
Biodiversity increases until climax community is reached
NPP and GPP rise, then fall
Productivity to respiration ratio falls

43
Q

Early stage characteristics

A

Low GPP
Low R
High NPP

Slow increase in biomass

44
Q

Middle stage characteristics

A

High GPP

Increase in photosynthesis & biomass as the plants grow

45
Q

Late stage characteristics

A

NPP & R ratio is equal

Trees reach maximum size

46
Q

Human impacts on succession

A

Hunting, deforestation, grazing, agriculture, fire management, commercial fishing

IB ESS (10 decks)

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